Gender and Health Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Pretoria, South Africa.
Centre for Rural Health, School of Nursing and Public Health, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa.
PLoS One. 2019 Aug 8;14(8):e0219125. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0219125. eCollection 2019.
'Honour killing', the murder of women to preserve family reputation, is well recognised but infrequently systematically researched. This paper has three hypotheses. First, in families where women report an 'honour killing' there is more violence against women and girls, second these women are more likely to report more patriarchal gender attitudes than others, and third these families are exposed to higher levels of poverty. We asked (n = 1461) women enrolled in a trial in Afghanistan, and (n = 535) in a population-based sample in the occupied Palestinian Territories (oPT) if there had ever been an 'honour killing' in their family. In Afghanistan, 2.3% (n = 33), and the oPT 7.7% (n = 41), reported this. We built separate multivariable logistic regression models for each country, and for married and unmarried women in each country. Among Afghan married women, 'honour killing' was associated with borrowing because of hunger (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]8.71, 95%CI 2.27-33.40), easier access to money in emergency (aOR11.39, 95%CI 3.05-42.50), and violence within the family; intimate partner violence (IPV) (aOR3.73, 95%CI 1.12-12.36), and IPV and mother-in-law violence (aOR10.52, 2.60-42.56). For unmarried women in Afghanistan, 'honour killing' was associated with easier access money in an emergency (aOR4.06, 95%CI 0.85-19.37), household violence (hit by parent or sibling, or parent and sibling [aOR5.47, 95%CI 0.82-36.70; aOR7.37, 95%CI 1.24-43.86, respectively]); more childhood traumas (aOR1.24, 1.11-1.38), and more patriarchal personal gender attitudes (aOR1.24, 1.00-1.54). In the oPT experiencing IPV (aOR3.07, 1.02-9.23) and borrowing and experiencing IPV (aOR5.89, 1.84-18.79) were risks for married women. For unmarried women borrowing because of hunger was associated with higher risk (aOR2.33, 95%CI 1.18-4.85). Despite limitations-specifically the potential women were reporting the same 'honour killing'-our analysis suggests 'honour killings' are associated with violence, patriarchy, and poverty. Research is needed for the prevention of 'honour killing', which must address the root causes. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03236948.
“荣誉谋杀”，即谋杀女性以维护家族名誉，是一种广为人知但很少被系统研究的现象。本文有三个假设。首先，在有女性报告“荣誉谋杀”的家庭中，针对女性和女孩的暴力行为更多；其次，这些女性更有可能报告更多的父权性别态度；第三，这些家庭面临更高水平的贫困。我们询问了参加阿富汗一项试验的 1461 名（n=1461）女性和在被占领的巴勒斯坦领土（oPT）中进行的一项基于人群的样本中的 535 名（n=535）女性，询问她们的家庭是否发生过“荣誉谋杀”。在阿富汗，有 2.3%（n=33）的女性和 oPT 有 7.7%（n=41）的女性报告发生过这种情况。我们为每个国家以及每个国家的已婚和未婚女性分别建立了单独的多变量逻辑回归模型。在阿富汗已婚女性中，“荣誉谋杀”与因饥饿而借款（调整后的优势比[aOR]8.71，95%CI 2.27-33.40）、紧急情况下更容易获得资金（aOR11.39，95%CI 3.05-42.50）以及家庭内暴力；亲密伴侣暴力（aOR3.73，95%CI 1.12-12.36）和伴侣及岳母暴力（aOR10.52，2.60-42.56）有关。对于阿富汗未婚女性，“荣誉谋杀”与紧急情况下更容易获得资金（aOR4.06，95%CI 0.85-19.37）、家庭暴力（被父母或兄弟姐妹殴打，或父母和兄弟姐妹同时殴打[aOR5.47，95%CI 0.82-36.70；aOR7.37，95%CI 1.24-43.86]）；更多的童年创伤（aOR1.24，1.11-1.38）和更多的父权个人性别态度（aOR1.24，1.00-1.54）有关。在 oPT，经历亲密伴侣暴力（aOR3.07，1.02-9.23）和借款并经历亲密伴侣暴力（aOR5.89，1.84-18.79）是已婚女性的风险因素。对于未婚女性，因饥饿而借款（aOR2.33，95%CI 1.18-4.85）与更高的风险相关。尽管存在一些局限性，特别是女性可能报告的是同一“荣誉谋杀”事件，但我们的分析表明，“荣誉谋杀”与暴力、父权制和贫困有关。需要对“荣誉谋杀”进行研究以预防这种现象，必须要解决根本原因。试验注册：ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03236948。
