Institute of Food Science & Nutrition, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan.
National Institute of Food Science & Technology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan.
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2020 Nov;27(32):39693-39701. doi: 10.1007/s11356-019-06037-6. Epub 2019 Aug 14.
This study was designed to assess the gradual increase in the use of insecticides on vegetables and to familiarize the consumers regarding the insecticide residues. The purpose of this research work was to highlight the detrimental effects of pyrethroids (bifenthrin, cyfluthrin, cypermethrin, deltamethrin, fenvalerate, lambda-cyhalothrin, and permethrin) compare with dietary intake assessment of eggplant and okra grown in peri-urban environment. In this manner, a total of 180 (n = 60 × 3) samples of eggplant (Solanum melongena) and okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) were procured from the peri-urban farming system of Faisalabad, Multan, and Gujranwala to assess the pyrethroid residues along with their dietary intake assessment. The procured vegetables were quantified for pyrethroid residues by using gas chromatography (GC) equipped with an electron capture detector (ECD). Outcomes of this study revealed that for okra samples, the highest residues of bifenthrin (1.25 mg kg) were found in Gujranwala then Multan (1.5 mg kg) and Faisalabad (1.04 mg kg), whereas in eggplant, the highest residues were recorded for bifenthrin from Faisalabad (1.33 mg kg) and Gujranwala (0.78 mg kg). In Multan, the highest residues for cyfluthrin (1.18 mg kg) were reported in eggplant. Out of all analyzed samples for pyrethroid residues, 32% samples contained detectable residues and 6% samples exceeded their maximum residual limits (MRLs) established by the European Union (EU). Dietary intake assessment (mg kg day) was calculated as per their maximum permissible intake (MPI) values, i.e., bifenthrin (1.28), cyfluthrin (1.28), cypermethrin (3.20), deltamethrin (0.64), fenvalerate (1.28), lambda-cyhalothrin (0.064), and permethrin (3.20) respectively. Conclusively, residues from the Multan region were greater than those from Gujranwala and Faisalabad showing excessive application of pyrethroids. Overall results revealed that although some samples exceeded MRLs in selected areas, their safe consumption limit was found.
这项研究旨在评估蔬菜上杀虫剂使用量的逐渐增加，并使消费者熟悉杀虫剂残留问题。本研究工作的目的是强调拟除虫菊酯（联苯菊酯、氯氟氰菊酯、氯氰菊酯、溴氰菊酯、氰戊菊酯、高效氯氟氰菊酯和氯菊酯）的有害影响，并评估在城市周边环境中种植的茄子和秋葵的膳食摄入量。为此，从费萨拉巴德、木尔坦和古杰兰瓦拉的城市周边农业系统中采集了总共 180 个（n = 60 × 3）茄子（茄子）和秋葵（黄秋葵）样本，以评估拟除虫菊酯残留及其膳食摄入量评估。使用配备电子捕获检测器（ECD）的气相色谱仪（GC）对采集的蔬菜进行拟除虫菊酯残留量定量分析。本研究结果表明，对于秋葵样品，在古杰兰瓦拉发现的联苯菊酯残留量最高（1.25mg/kg），其次是木尔坦（1.5mg/kg）和费萨拉巴德（1.04mg/kg），而在茄子中，费萨拉巴德和古杰兰瓦拉的联苯菊酯残留量最高（1.33mg/kg 和 0.78mg/kg）。在木尔坦，茄子中检测到的氯氟氰菊酯残留量最高（1.18mg/kg）。在所分析的所有拟除虫菊酯残留样品中，有 32%的样品含有可检测的残留，6%的样品超过了欧盟（EU）设定的最大残留限量（MRL）。根据最大允许摄入量（MPI）值计算膳食摄入量评估（mg/kg/天），即联苯菊酯（1.28）、氯氟氰菊酯（1.28）、氯氰菊酯（3.20）、溴氰菊酯（0.64）、氰戊菊酯（1.28）、高效氯氟氰菊酯（0.064）和氯菊酯（3.20）。最后，结果表明，来自木尔坦地区的残留量大于来自古杰兰瓦拉和费萨拉巴德地区的残留量，表明过度使用了拟除虫菊酯。总体结果表明，尽管在一些选定地区的部分样品超过了 MRL，但仍发现其安全食用限量。
