Endocr Pract. 2019 Dec;25(12):1338-1345. doi: 10.4158/EP-2019-0183. Epub 2019 Aug 14.
The objective of this article is to describe the hormonal pathways required for breast development in cisgender women and to review the current available literature describing breast growth and breast cancer risk in transgender women. Literature review and discussion. Early mammary tissue development occurs prenatally. This process is hormone-independent and occurs similarly in males and females. Breast tissue is quiescent until puberty, at which time surging estrogen levels in cisgender girls mediate breast development and growth. Adult breast tissue composition further evolves in cisgender women during pregnancy, lactation, and menopause, revealing the ever-changing interplay between breast structure and hormonal environment. Breast growth is a significant physical endpoint in the hormonal treatment of transgender women. Transgender hormone regimens, which typically pair an estrogen with an anti-androgen, can help achieve this goal.
本文旨在描述顺性别女性乳房发育所需的激素途径，并综述目前描述 transgender 女性乳房生长和乳腺癌风险的相关文献。
文献回顾与讨论
早期乳腺组织的发育发生在胎儿期。这个过程与激素无关，在男性和女性中都相似。乳腺组织处于静止状态，直到青春期，此时 cisgender 女孩体内汹涌的雌激素水平介导乳房发育和生长。成年后，cisgender 女性的乳腺组织在怀孕、哺乳和更年期期间进一步发育，揭示了乳腺结构和激素环境之间不断变化的相互作用。
乳房生长是 transgender 女性激素治疗的一个重要生理终点。通常使用雌激素与抗雄激素联合的 transgender 激素方案可以帮助实现这一目标。
