Domede Nathalie, Pena Luisa, Fady Nicolas
LMDC, Université de Toulouse, INSA/UPS Génie Civil, 135 Avenue de Rangueil, 31077 Toulouse Cedex 04, France.
CEREMA/DTecEMF/TI Technopole Brest Iroise, BP5 29280 Plouzané, France.
Philos Trans A Math Phys Eng Sci. 2019 Sep 7;377(2155):20190167. doi: 10.1098/rsta.2019.0167. Epub 2019 Aug 19.
The purpose of the study presented here is to describe the design method used by engineers in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries to size lighthouse structures and to compare them with current European standards. The historical information presented here is derived from two sources in particular: the archives of the Ile Vierge lighthouse, which was built at the northern tip of Brittany between 1897 and 1902, and the scientific journals, books and courses available at that time. Firstly, the article describes the structure of the Ile Vierge lighthouse, which is the tallest stone lighthouse in Europe. The wind load acting on lighthouses and chimneys was formulated in France by L. Fresnel in 1825. Fresnel's work is compared to W. J. M. Rankine's theory used in the UK. The safety coefficients applied with respect to the stability of the towers in France and the UK in the nineteenth-century are compared. On the occasion of the construction of the Ile Vierge lighthouse, the masonry strength under wind loads led to a discussion among engineers of the French lighthouse authorities. They also worried about the risk of excessive oscillations of the towers, which could cause a dysfunction of the lamp. Thirdly, the standard wind action defined in Eurocode 1 is applied to the Ile Vierge lighthouse. Calculation results are given. A comparative analysis of the ancient and modern methods is presented. Overall, this historical research shows that the designers of lighthouses in the nineteenth-century had the same objectives as today: to build strong, durable structures in which deformations under loads are compatible with serviceability. This article is part of the theme issue 'Environmental loading of heritage structures'.
本文所述研究的目的是描述19世纪和20世纪初工程师用于确定灯塔结构尺寸的设计方法，并将其与当前的欧洲标准进行比较。这里呈现的历史信息尤其来源于两个出处：位于布列塔尼北端、于1897年至1902年间建造的维尔热岛灯塔的档案，以及当时可获取的科学期刊、书籍和课程。首先，文章描述了维尔热岛灯塔的结构，它是欧洲最高的石质灯塔。1825年，法国的L. 菲涅尔阐述了作用于灯塔和烟囱的风荷载。菲涅尔的研究成果与英国使用的W. J. M. 兰金理论进行了比较。比较了19世纪法国和英国在塔的稳定性方面所应用的安全系数。在建造维尔热岛灯塔之际，风荷载作用下的砖石强度引发了法国灯塔管理部门工程师之间的讨论。他们还担心塔过度振动的风险，这可能导致灯具出现故障。第三，将欧洲规范1中定义的标准风作用应用于维尔热岛灯塔。给出了计算结果。对古代和现代方法进行了对比分析。总体而言，这项历史研究表明，19世纪灯塔的设计者与当今有着相同的目标：建造坚固、耐用的结构，使荷载作用下的变形符合适用性要求。本文是主题为“遗产建筑的环境荷载”的一部分。
