Early Life Stress, Physiology, and Genetics: A Review.

Early life stress (ELS) is a widely studied concept due to both its prevalent nature and its (presumed) detrimental consequences. In this review, we discuss the relationship between ELS and its underlying physiology spanning the sympathetic nervous system, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, and markers of inflammation related to immune function in both human and animal literature. We also consider the potential role of genetic and epigenetic factors on the ELS-health outcome relationship. We conclude with recommendations to overcome identified shortcomings in a field that seeks to address the health consequences of ELS.