School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University , Singapore Singapore.
Expert Rev Mol Diagn. 2019 Sep;19(9):813-824. doi: 10.1080/14737159.2019.1657407. Epub 2019 Aug 23.
: Extracellular vesicles (EVs) released by neural cells play a crucial role in intracellular communication in both physiological and pathological states. Recent studies have shown that the neuropathogenic manifestation of many progressive nervous system diseases including Parkinson's disease (PD), Alzheimer's diseases (AD), and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). These diseases are frequently found to be associated with the accumulation of misfolded proteins, exploit EVs for the spread of aggregates to naive cells in a prion-like mechanism. Therefore, characterization of EVs and understanding their mechanism of action could open a window of opportunity to discover biomarkers and therapeutic targets in a disease-specific manner. : In this review, we discuss the role of neural cells-derived EVs in normal and disease states. We also highlight their biomedical potential in modern medicine, including the use of circulating EVs as biomarkers for diagnosis with a special focus on newly-identified potential biomarkers in neurodegenerative disease, and novel methodologies in EVs isolation. : Systematic and comprehensive analysis of EVs in different biofluid sources is needed. Considering the potential for tremendous clinical benefits of EVs research in neurodegenerative disease, there is also an urgent need to standardize neural cells-derived EV enrichment protocols for consensus results.
细胞外囊泡 (EVs) 由神经细胞释放，在生理和病理状态下对细胞内通讯起着至关重要的作用。最近的研究表明，许多进行性神经系统疾病的神经病变表现，包括帕金森病 (PD)、阿尔茨海默病 (AD) 和肌萎缩侧索硬化症 (ALS)。这些疾病经常与错误折叠蛋白的积累有关，利用 EVs 以类朊病毒的机制将聚集物传播到幼稚细胞。因此，对 EVs 的特征进行描述并了解其作用机制，可以为以疾病特异性方式发现生物标志物和治疗靶点开辟机会。在这篇综述中，我们讨论了神经细胞来源的 EVs 在正常和疾病状态下的作用。我们还强调了它们在现代医学中的生物医学潜力，包括将循环 EVs 用作诊断生物标志物，特别关注神经退行性疾病中新发现的潜在生物标志物，以及 EVs 分离的新方法。需要对不同生物流体来源的 EVs 进行系统和全面的分析。考虑到 EVs 研究在神经退行性疾病方面具有巨大的临床益处的潜力，也迫切需要标准化神经细胞衍生 EV 的富集方案以达成共识结果。
