Clinical Neuroimmunology Unit, Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.
Clinical Neuroimmunology Unit, Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.
Mol Aspects Med. 2018 Apr;60:52-61. doi: 10.1016/j.mam.2017.11.006. Epub 2017 Nov 22.
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are released by all neural cells, including neurons, oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, and microglia. The lack of adequate technology has not halted neuroscientists from investigating EVs as a mean to decipher neurodegenerative disorders, still in search of comprehensible pathogenic mechanisms and efficient treatment. EVs are thought to be one of ways neurodegenerative pathologies spread in the brain, but also one of the ways the brain tries to displace toxic proteins, making their meaning in pathogenesis uncertain. EVs, however do reach biological fluids where they can be analyzed, and might therefore constitute clinically decisive biomarkers for neurodegenerative diseases in the future. Finally, if they constitute a physiological inter-cell communication system, they may represent also a very specific drug delivery tool for a difficult target such as the brain. We try to resume here available information on the role of EVs in neurodegeneration, with a special focus on Alzheimer's disease, progressive multiple sclerosis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and Huntington's disease.
细胞外囊泡（EVs）由所有神经细胞释放，包括神经元、少突胶质细胞、星形胶质细胞和小胶质细胞。尽管缺乏足够的技术，但神经科学家仍在研究 EVs 作为破译神经退行性疾病的一种手段，仍在寻找可理解的发病机制和有效的治疗方法。EVs 被认为是神经退行性病变在大脑中传播的途径之一，但也是大脑试图清除毒性蛋白的途径之一，这使得它们在发病机制中的意义尚不确定。然而，EVs 确实可以到达可分析的生物液中，因此它们可能在未来成为神经退行性疾病具有临床决定性的生物标志物。最后，如果它们构成了一种生理细胞间通讯系统，那么它们也可能代表着针对大脑等困难靶点的非常特异的药物递送工具。我们试图在这里总结 EVs 在神经退行性变中的作用的现有信息，特别关注阿尔茨海默病、进行性多发性硬化症、肌萎缩侧索硬化症和亨廷顿病。
