Paläontologisches Institut und Museum, Universität Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.
Division of Gross Anatomy and Morphogenesis, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan.
Dev Dyn. 2019 Nov;248(11):1044-1058. doi: 10.1002/dvdy.105. Epub 2019 Sep 13.
The domestication of the fowl resulted in a large diversity of integumental structures in chicken breeds. Several integumental traits have been investigated from a developmental genetics perspective. However, their distribution among breeds and their developmental morphology remain unexplored. We constructed a discrete trait-breed matrix and conducted a disparity analysis to investigate the variation of these structures in chicken breeds; 20 integumental traits of 72 chicken breeds and the red junglefowl were assessed. The analyses resulted in slight groupings of breed types comparable to standard breed classification based on artificial selection and chicken type use. The red junglefowl groups together with bantams and European breeds. We provide new data on the red junglefowl and four chicken breeds, demonstrating where and when variation arises during embryonic development. We document variation in developmental timing of the egg tooth and feather formation, as well as other kinds of developmental patterning as in the anlagen of different type of combs. Changes in epithelial-mesenchymal signaling interactions may drive the highly diverse integument in chickens. Experimental and comparative work has revealed that the cranial neural crest mesenchyme mediates its interactions with the overlying epithelium and is the likely source of patterning that generates diversity in integumental structures.
家禽的驯化导致了鸡品种中大量不同的表皮结构。已经从发育遗传学的角度研究了几种表皮特征。然而，它们在品种中的分布及其发育形态仍未被探索。我们构建了离散特征-品种矩阵，并进行了不相似度分析，以研究这些结构在鸡品种中的变化；评估了 72 个鸡品种和红原鸡的 20 个表皮特征。分析结果导致了与基于人工选择和鸡类型使用的标准品种分类相媲美的品种类型的轻微分组。红原鸡与矮脚鸡和欧洲品种聚集在一起。我们提供了红原鸡和四个鸡品种的新数据，展示了在胚胎发育过程中何时何地出现变异。我们记录了卵齿和羽毛形成的发育时间以及其他类型的发育模式的变化，例如不同类型梳子的原基。上皮-间充质信号转导相互作用的变化可能驱动了鸡高度多样化的表皮。实验和比较研究表明，颅神经嵴间充质介导了与上覆上皮的相互作用，并且可能是产生表皮结构多样性的模式形成的来源。
