Institute of Medical Chemistry, Molecular Biology and Pathobiochemistry,Semmelweis University, Budapest,Hungary.
Department of Anthropology,Utkal University, Bhubaneswar,India.
J Behav Addict. 2019 Sep 1;8(3):471-478. doi: 10.1556/2006.8.2019.40. Epub 2019 Aug 26.
Some form of gambling can be observed in nearly every society, as the gratification felt upon winning in uncertain conditions is universal. A culturally distinct form of gambling, associated with a traditional sporting event of archery known as "," is innate to the province of Meghalaya, India. The objective of this study was to find genetic variants underlying this unique form of behavioral addiction. To better understand game-based gambling, we studied genetic variants related to dopaminergic pathways and other genes previously linked to various psychological disorders.
This study was carried out on a sample of 196 Indo-Aryan adults from Shillong, Meghalaya. Genotyping of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) polymorphisms was carried out using real-time PCR. We further investigated 32 single nucleotide polymorphisms located in the 3' UTR of additional genes of interest using an OpenArray real-time PCR platform.
Case-control analysis revealed a significant association between GDNF variant rs2973033 ( = .00864, χ = 13.132, = 2) and contactin-associated protein-like 2 (CNTNAP2) variant rs2530311 ( = .0448, χ = 13.132, = 2) with gambling.
Association of the GDNF gene with gambling could be attributed to its involvement in the development and survival of dopaminergic neurons. Our result is in good agreement with previous data indicating the role of GDNF in certain substance addictions. Several rare variants in the CNTNAP2 gene were also implicated in alcohol addiction in a previous study. This pilot study provides further support for the role of GDNF and CNTNAP2 in addiction behaviors.
在几乎每个社会中都可以观察到某种形式的赌博，因为在不确定条件下获胜所带来的满足感是普遍存在的。一种具有文化特色的赌博形式与印度梅加拉亚邦的一种传统射箭运动“”有关。本研究的目的是找到这种独特行为成瘾形式背后的遗传变异。为了更好地理解基于游戏的赌博，我们研究了与多巴胺能途径相关的遗传变异以及先前与各种心理障碍相关的其他基因。
本研究对来自印度梅加拉亚邦首府 Shillong 的 196 名印欧成年人样本进行了研究。使用实时 PCR 对胶质细胞衍生的神经营养因子（GDNF）多态性进行基因分型。我们进一步使用 OpenArray 实时 PCR 平台研究了位于其他感兴趣基因 3'UTR 中的 32 个单核苷酸多态性。
病例对照分析显示，GDNF 变体 rs2973033（=0.00864，χ=13.132，=2）和连接蛋白相关蛋白样 2（CNTNAP2）变体 rs2530311（=0.0448，χ=13.132，=2）与赌博之间存在显著关联。
GDNF 基因与赌博的关联可能归因于其参与多巴胺能神经元的发育和存活。我们的结果与先前表明 GDNF 在某些物质成瘾中的作用的数据一致。先前的一项研究还表明，CNTNAP2 基因中的几个罕见变异与酒精成瘾有关。这项初步研究为 GDNF 和 CNTNAP2 在成瘾行为中的作用提供了进一步支持。
