Epilepsy is a chronic neurological condition that is characterized by spontaneous seizures that can result in mild symptoms such as a lapse in concentration or may be serious enough to cause unconsciousness or premature death. Between 2010 and 2012, an estimated 139,200 Canadians suffered from epilepsy. Epilepsy has a diverse etiology ranging from genetic pre-disposition to tumours, and brings a level of complexity to the diagnosis and treatment of the condition. Incidentally, epileptic seizures are associated with epileptogenic zones in the brain which have been the target of treatment options. The first line of treatment for epilepsy involves the use of anticonvulsant drug therapy, however, one third of patients are unable to experience complete control of their seizures following the administration of two or more pharmaceuticals. For patients with such drug-resistant epilepsy, the primary treatment approach is open surgery (e.g., craniotomy, temporal lobectomy) which seeks to provide relief from seizures by destroying epileptogenic zones or detaching them from other parts of the brain. Fear of possible treatment-related complications such as post-operative neurocognitive decline has inhibited the wide-spread acceptance of open intracranial surgery and prompted interest in alternative techniques. Laser interstitial thermal therapy (LITT) or stereotactic laser ablation (SLA) is a minimally invasive technique that offers an alternative approach to open surgery for eliminating epileptogenic zones, deep-seated intracranial tumours, and recurrent metastases. LITT involves using high-intensity laser light to induce thermocoagulative necrosis (i.e., destruction of tissue). The laser light is produced by a probe which is made out of an optical fiber tube or flexible catheter with a light-diffusing tip. The probe is stereotactically placed over the volume of tissue that is targeted for ablation through a hole that is drilled into the skull. The energy from the laser light is converted to heat within the target volume, inducing a cascade of enzymes that leads to protein denaturation, membrane dissolution, and vessel sclerosis, all precursors of necrosis. Since the emergence of intercranial LITT in the 1980s, technical advancements have been made that include the development of cooling systems to control the heat profile of the tip of the laser probe and the use of thermal magnetic resonance (MR) in MR-guided LITT to localize subcentimeter epileptic zones and minimize the target area for laser ablation in real-time. Health Canada has licensed two systems for laser ablation. They are the NeuroBlate System and the Visualase MRI-Guided Thermal Ablation System. A rapid review of the clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of LITT over any comparator for intracranial lesions and epilepsy published by CADTH in 2015 reported that the quantity and quality of the available evidence on clinical efficacy was limited and that no cost-effectiveness studies were identified. This current review aims to summarize updated evidence regarding the clinical effectiveness, safety, and cost-effectiveness of LITT for the treatment of epilepsy and brain tumours.