Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Laboratorio de Investigación Clínica, Av. Solidaridad S/N, Colonia Hornos Insurgentes, Acapulco, Guerrero, Mexico.
Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Okan University, Istanbul, Turkey.
Adv Exp Med Biol. 2019;1152:65-73. doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-20301-6_5.
The term "autophagy", which means "self (auto) - eating (phagy)", describes a catabolic process that is evolutionarially conserved among all eukaryotes. Although autophagy is mainly accepted as a cell survival mechanism, it also modulates the process known as "type II cell death". AKT/mTOR pathway is an upstream activator of autophagy and it is tightly regulated by the ATG (autophagy-related genes) signaling cascade. In addition, wide ranging cell signaling pathways and non-coding RNAs played essential roles in the control of autophagy. Autophagy is closely related to pathological processes such as neurodegenerative diseases and cancer as well as physiological conditions. After the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2016 was awarded to Yoshinori Ohsumi "for his discoveries of mechanisms for autophagy", there was an explosion in the field of autophagy and molecular biologists started to pay considerable attention to the mechanistic insights related to autophagy in different diseases. Since autophagy behaved dualistically, both as a cell death and a cell survival mechanism, it opened new horizons for a deeper analysis of cell type and context dependent behavior of autophagy in different types of cancers. There are numerous studies showing that the induction of autophagy mechanism will promote survival of cancer cells. Since autophagy is mainly a mechanism to keep the cells alive, it may protect breast cancer cells against stress conditions such as starvation and hypoxia. For these reasons, autophagy was noted to be instrumental in metastasis and drug resistance. In this chapter we have emphasized on role of role of autophagy in breast cancer. Additionally we have partitioned this chapter into exciting role of microRNAs in modulation of autophagy in breast cancer. We have also comprehensively summarized how TRAIL-mediated signaling and autophagy operated in breast cancer cells.
“自噬”一词的意思是“自我（auto）-吞噬（phagy）”，描述了一种在所有真核生物中都保守的分解代谢过程。尽管自噬主要被认为是一种细胞存活机制，但它也调节了被称为“II 型细胞死亡”的过程。AKT/mTOR 途径是自噬的上游激活剂，它受到 ATG（自噬相关基因）信号级联的紧密调节。此外，广泛的细胞信号通路和非编码 RNA 在自噬的控制中发挥着重要作用。自噬与神经退行性疾病和癌症等病理过程以及生理状况密切相关。2016 年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖授予 Yoshinori Ohsumi“发现细胞自噬机制”后，自噬领域出现了爆炸式增长，分子生物学家开始对不同疾病中与自噬相关的机制有了相当大的关注。由于自噬表现出双重性，既是细胞死亡机制，也是细胞存活机制，因此为更深入地分析不同类型癌症中自噬的细胞类型和上下文依赖性行为开辟了新的视野。有大量研究表明，诱导自噬机制将促进癌细胞的存活。由于自噬主要是一种使细胞存活的机制，它可能会保护乳腺癌细胞免受饥饿和缺氧等应激条件的影响。出于这些原因，自噬被认为与转移和耐药性有关。在本章中，我们强调了自噬在乳腺癌中的作用。此外，我们将这一章分为 microRNAs 在乳腺癌中调节自噬的令人兴奋的作用。我们还全面总结了 TRAIL 介导的信号转导和自噬在乳腺癌细胞中的作用。
