Noiray Aude, Wieling Martijn, Abakarova Dzhuma, Rubertus Elina, Tiede Mark
Laboratory for Oral Language Acquisition, Department of Linguistics, University of Potsdam, Germany.
Haskins Laboratories, New Haven, CT.
J Speech Lang Hear Res. 2019 Aug 29;62(8S):3033-3054. doi: 10.1044/2019_JSLHR-S-CSMC7-18-0208.
Purpose This study examines the temporal organization of vocalic anticipation in German children from 3 to 7 years of age and adults. The main objective was to test for nonlinear processes in vocalic anticipation, which may result from the interaction between lingual gestural goals for individual vowels and those for their neighbors over time. Method The technique of ultrasound imaging was employed to record tongue movement at 5 time points throughout short utterances of the form V1#CV2. Vocalic anticipation was examined with generalized additive modeling, an analytical approach allowing for the estimation of both linear and nonlinear influences on anticipatory processes. Results Both adults and children exhibit nonlinear patterns of vocalic anticipation over time with the degree and extent of vocalic anticipation varying as a function of the individual consonants and vowels assembled. However, noticeable developmental discrepancies were found with vocalic anticipation being present earlier in children's utterances at 3-5 years of age in comparison to adults and, to some extent, 7-year-old children. Conclusions A developmental transition towards more segmentally-specified coarticulatory organizations seems to occur from kindergarten to primary school to adulthood. In adults, nonlinear anticipatory patterns over time suggest a strong differentiation between the gestural goals for consecutive segments. In children, this differentiation is not yet mature: Vowels show greater prominence over time and seem activated more in phase with those of previous segments relative to adults.
目的 本研究考察了3至7岁德国儿童及成年人中元音预期的时间组织情况。主要目的是测试元音预期中的非线性过程，这可能是由于单个元音及其相邻元音的舌部发音目标随时间相互作用所致。方法 采用超声成像技术，在V1#CV2形式的简短话语的5个时间点记录舌头运动。使用广义相加模型检查元音预期，该分析方法能够估计对预期过程的线性和非线性影响。结果 随着时间推移，成年人和儿童均表现出非线性的元音预期模式，元音预期的程度和范围随所组合的单个辅音和元音而变化。然而，发现了明显的发育差异，与成年人以及在一定程度上与7岁儿童相比，3至5岁儿童话语中的元音预期出现得更早。结论 从幼儿园到小学再到成年，似乎发生了向更具音段特异性协同发音组织的发育转变。在成年人中，随着时间推移的非线性预期模式表明连续音段的发音目标之间存在强烈差异。在儿童中，这种差异尚未成熟：随着时间推移，元音显得更为突出，并且相对于成年人而言，似乎与前一个音段的元音在相位上更同步地被激活。
