Solvent-Free Production of Isosorbide from Sorbitol Catalyzed by a Polymeric Solid Acid.

A series of polymeric solid acid catalysts (PDSF-x) is prepared by grafting strong electron-withdrawing groups (-SO CF ) on a sulfonic acid-modified polydivinylbenzene (PDS) precursor synthesized hydrothermally. The effect of acid strength on sorbitol dehydration is investigated. The textural properties, acidity, and hydrophobicity are characterized by using Brunauer-Emmett-Teller analysis, elemental analysis, and contact angle tests. The results of FTIR spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy show that both -SO H and -SO CF are grafted onto the polymer network. We used solid-state P NMR spectroscopy to show that the acid strength of PDSF-x is enhanced significantly compared with that of PDS, especially for PDSF-0.05. As a result, PDSF-0.05 exhibits the highest isosorbide yield up to 80 %, a good turnover frequency of 231.5 h (compared to other catalysts), and excellent cyclic stability, which is attributed to its large specific surface area, appropriate acid strength, hydrophobicity, and stable framework structure. In addition, a plausible reaction pathway and kinetic analysis are proposed.