Department of Anthropology, Baylor University, Waco, Texas, United States of America.
PLoS One. 2019 Sep 3;14(9):e0220432. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0220432. eCollection 2019.
For small-scale societies, transitions from self-sufficiency to cash-based labor in market economies have been associated with the exacerbation of existing, and the emergence of new, social incongruities. Social incongruity occurs when two or more of a person's status determinants (e.g. age, gender, wealth) conflict, resulting in reduced social status. A central focus of theory and research on social incongruity is the relationship between the cultural prototype of what is needed to live a good life-or lifestyle-and status determinants. Assessment of status determinants is challenging because of their relative nature at multiple levels of analysis. This study uses theory and methods from cognitive anthropology to investigate whether and how individual knowledge of a cultural lifestyle prototype conflicts with status determinants at two levels of economic transition among 101 adults from a small-scale society of forager-horticulturalists in Bolivian Amazonia, the Tsimane'. Results support cultural consensus in a 38-item model labeled market lifestyle (explaining 72.7% of sample variance). While the model includes both overlapping traditional (e.g. weaving) and market-related (e.g. education) items and behaviors, most market alternatives were rated higher. When market lifestyle was tested for social incongruity against other status determinants, only gender predicted variation. Thematically, when lifestyle was stratified by gender, men rated several items of relational wealth higher than women did. Analysis of model residual agreement revealed heterogeneity in the form of a syncretic lifestyle model (explaining 18.2% of additional variance). Participants whose knowledge better matched syncretic lifestyle rated traditional items and market alternatives closer to parity. Agreement with the syncretic model correlated with lower material wealth and less market integration. In sum, the findings document a modern, market-oriented form of Tsimane' lifestyle that varies ontologically from past modelling and ethnographic accounts in preferred forms of livelihood and wealth.
对于小规模社会来说，从自给自足向市场经济中的现金劳动的转变与现有社会不和谐的加剧以及新的社会不和谐的出现有关。社会不和谐是指一个人的两个或多个地位决定因素（如年龄、性别、财富）发生冲突，导致社会地位下降。社会不和谐理论和研究的一个核心焦点是生活好或生活方式所需的文化原型与地位决定因素之间的关系。由于在多个分析层面上地位决定因素的相对性质，对其进行评估具有挑战性。本研究使用认知人类学的理论和方法，调查在玻利维亚亚马逊地区的一个小规模觅食-园艺社会的 101 名成年人中，两种经济转型水平上，个人对文化生活方式原型的知识是否以及如何与地位决定因素发生冲突，该社会为 Tsimane'。结果支持在一个 38 项的模型中存在文化共识，该模型被标记为市场生活方式（解释了样本方差的 72.7%）。虽然该模型包括重叠的传统（如编织）和与市场相关的（如教育）项目和行为，但大多数市场替代品的评分更高。当市场生活方式与其他地位决定因素进行社会不和谐测试时，只有性别可以预测变化。从主题上讲，当根据性别对生活方式进行分层时，男性对几种关系财富项目的评价高于女性。对模型残差一致性的分析显示了混合生活方式模型的异质性（解释了额外方差的 18.2%）。那些知识更符合混合生活方式的参与者对传统项目和市场替代品的评价更为接近。与混合模型的一致性与较低的物质财富和较少的市场整合相关。总之，这些发现记录了 Tsimane'生活方式的一种现代、以市场为导向的形式，与过去在首选生计和财富形式上的建模和民族志描述在本体论上有所不同。
