Structural Biology Unit, Center for Cooperative Research CIC bioGUNE, Derio, Spain.
Laboratorio de Virología Molecular, Centro de Investigaciones Nucleares, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay.
Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2019 Aug 20;9:283. doi: 10.3389/fcimb.2019.00283. eCollection 2019.
Picornaviruses constitute one of the most relevant viral groups according to their impact on human and animal health. Etiologic agents of a broad spectrum of illnesses with a clinical presentation that ranges from asymptomatic to fatal disease, they have been the cause of uncountable epidemics throughout history. Picornaviruses are small naked RNA-positive single-stranded viruses that include some of the most important pillars in the development of virology, comprising poliovirus, rhinovirus, and hepatitis A virus. Picornavirus infectious particles use the fecal-oral or respiratory routes as primary modes of transmission. In this regard, successful viral spread relies on the capability of viral capsids to (i) shelter the viral genome, (ii) display molecular determinants for cell receptor recognition, (iii) facilitate efficient genome delivery, and (iv) escape from the immune system. Importantly, picornaviruses display a substantial amount of genetic variability driven by both mutation and recombination. Therefore, the outcome of their replication results in the emergence of a genetically diverse cloud of individuals presenting phenotypic variance. The host humoral response against the capsid protein represents the most active immune pressure and primary weapon to control the infection. Since the preservation of the capsid function is deeply rooted in the virus evolutionary dynamics, here we review the current structural evidence focused on capsid antibody evasion mechanisms from that perspective.
小核糖核酸病毒是根据其对人类和动物健康的影响而成为最重要的病毒群之一。它们是许多历史上不计其数的流行病的病原体，能够引起广泛的疾病，从无症状到致命疾病不等。小核糖核酸病毒是小而无包膜的 RNA 阳性单链病毒，其中包括在病毒学发展过程中的一些最重要的基石，包括脊髓灰质炎病毒、鼻病毒和甲型肝炎病毒。小核糖核酸病毒感染颗粒通过粪口或呼吸道途径作为主要的传播方式。在这方面，病毒衣壳的能力对于病毒的成功传播至关重要，这些能力包括：(i) 保护病毒基因组，(ii) 展示用于细胞受体识别的分子决定因素，(iii) 促进高效的基因组传递，以及 (iv) 逃避免疫系统。重要的是，小核糖核酸病毒显示出大量的遗传变异性，这是由突变和重组驱动的。因此，它们复制的结果是出现了一群具有表型差异的遗传多样化个体。宿主针对衣壳蛋白的体液反应代表了最活跃的免疫压力和控制感染的主要手段。由于衣壳功能的保护深深植根于病毒的进化动态，因此，我们从这个角度综述了当前有关衣壳抗体逃逸机制的结构证据。
