Zygula Aleksandra, Kosinski Przemyslaw, Wielgos Miroslaw
1st Chair and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical University of Warsaw, Poland.
Ginekol Pol. 2019;90(8):475-481. doi: 10.5603/GP.2019.0082.
As medical technology evolves, clinicians are increasingly choosing relatively painless non-invasive methods of patientdiagnosis and treatment. There are two principles behind this: greater patient comfort and lower cost. Tears, hair, saliva,urine, and faeces can replace blood for diagnosis. The varied constituents in these biological materials can serve as biomarkersfor the detection of both local and systemic diseases. In this paper, we review a range of diagnostic techniques - allusing biological material obtained via non-invasive procedure - for detecting medical conditions in pregnant women.PubMed, Medline, Embase, and the Cochrane Library were searched from January 1996 until December 2018. Forty sevenstudies were included: thirty-five original articles, nine reviews and three meta-analysis.Analysis showed that saliva, hair, tears, and other biological material - obtained via non-invasive methods - may serveas clinically informative biomarkers. These biomarkers may be used for: toxicology, psychological studies, disease detection,biomonitoring, and drug abuse. The analysis of tears, hair, saliva, urine, and faeces is a safe, noninvasive and usefuldiagnostic tool within groups of pregnant women, but further investigation is necessary to fully realize the promise ofthese novel diagnostic tools.
随着医学技术的发展，临床医生越来越多地选择相对无痛的非侵入性方法进行患者诊断和治疗。这背后有两个原则：提高患者舒适度和降低成本。眼泪、头发、唾液、尿液和粪便可以替代血液进行诊断。这些生物材料中的各种成分可作为检测局部和全身性疾病的生物标志物。在本文中，我们综述了一系列诊断技术——所有这些技术都使用通过非侵入性程序获得的生物材料——用于检测孕妇的健康状况。我们检索了1996年1月至2018年12月期间的PubMed、Medline、Embase和Cochrane图书馆。共纳入47项研究：35篇原创文章、9篇综述和3篇荟萃分析。分析表明，通过非侵入性方法获得的唾液、头发、眼泪和其他生物材料可能作为具有临床信息价值的生物标志物。这些生物标志物可用于：毒理学、心理学研究、疾病检测、生物监测和药物滥用。对眼泪、头发、唾液、尿液和粪便的分析在孕妇群体中是一种安全、无创且有用的诊断工具，但需要进一步研究以充分实现这些新型诊断工具的前景。
