Am Nat. 2019 Oct;194(4):495-515. doi: 10.1086/705020. Epub 2019 Aug 27.
Evolutionary biologists have long trained their sights on adaptation, focusing on the power of natural selection to produce relative fitness advantages while often ignoring changes in absolute fitness. Ecologists generally have taken a different tack, focusing on changes in abundance and ranges that reflect absolute fitness while often ignoring relative fitness. Uniting these perspectives, we articulate various causes of relative and absolute maladaptation and review numerous examples of their occurrence. This review indicates that maladaptation is reasonably common from both perspectives, yet often in contrasting ways. That is, maladaptation can appear strong from a relative fitness perspective, yet populations can be growing in abundance. Conversely, resident individuals can appear locally adapted (relative to nonresident individuals) yet be declining in abundance. Understanding and interpreting these disconnects between relative and absolute maladaptation, as well as the cases of agreement, is increasingly critical in the face of accelerating human-mediated environmental change. We therefore present a framework for studying maladaptation, focusing in particular on the relationship between absolute and relative fitness, thereby drawing together evolutionary and ecological perspectives. The unification of these ecological and evolutionary perspectives has the potential to bring together previously disjunct research areas while addressing key conceptual issues and specific practical problems.
进化生物学家长期以来一直关注适应，专注于自然选择产生相对适合度优势的力量，而经常忽略绝对适合度的变化。生态学家通常采取不同的策略，专注于反映绝对适合度的丰度和范围的变化，而经常忽略相对适合度。我们统一了这些观点，阐述了相对和绝对不适应的各种原因，并回顾了它们发生的许多例子。这一综述表明，从相对适合度的角度来看，适应不良是相当常见的，但往往是以相反的方式出现。也就是说，适应不良在相对适合度方面可能表现得很强，但种群的丰度可能在增加。相反，居留个体在相对非居留个体方面可能表现出局部适应性，但丰度在下降。在面对加速的人为环境变化时，理解和解释相对和绝对适应不良之间的这些脱节，以及一致的情况，变得越来越重要。因此，我们提出了一个研究适应不良的框架，特别关注绝对和相对适合度之间的关系，从而将进化和生态观点结合起来。这些生态和进化观点的统一有可能将以前不相关的研究领域结合起来，同时解决关键的概念问题和具体的实际问题。
