South Australian Research and Development Institute, Food Science, GPO Box 397, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia.
South Australian Research and Development Institute, Food Science, GPO Box 397, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia.
Int J Food Microbiol. 2019 Nov 15;309:108327. doi: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2019.108327. Epub 2019 Aug 26.
The apparent international rise in foodborne virus outbreaks attributed to fresh produce and the increasing importance of fresh produce in the Australian diet has led to the requirement to gather information to inform the development of risk management strategies. A prevalence survey for norovirus (NoV) and hepatitis A virus (HAV) in fresh Australian produce (leafy greens, strawberries and blueberries) at retail was undertaken during 2013-2014 and data used to develop a risk profile. The prevalence of HAV in berries and leafy greens was estimated to be <2%, with no virus detected in produce during the yearlong survey. The prevalence of NoV in fresh strawberries and blueberries was also estimated to be <2% with no virus detected in berries, whilst for leafy greens the NoV prevalence was 2.2%. Prevalence of a bacterial hygiene indicator, Escherichia coli, was also investigated and found to range from <1% in berries to 10.7% in leafy greens. None of the NoV positive leafy green samples tested positive for E. coli, indicating it is a poor indicator for viral risk. The risk was evaluated using standard codex procedures and the Risk Ranger tool. Taking all data into account, including the hazard dose and severity, probability of exposure, probability of infective dose and available epidemiological data, the risk of HAV and NoV foodborne illness associated with fresh Australian berries (strawberries and blueberries) sold as packaged product was deemed to be low. The risk of foodborne illness from HAV associated with leafy greens was also deemed to be low, but higher than that for fresh berries, due mainly to the potential for recontamination post-processing if sold loose. The risk of foodborne illness from NoV associated with leafy greens was deemed to be low/moderate. Despite the prevalence of NoV in leafy greens being low and the inability to discriminate between infective and non-infective virus using PCR based methodologies, the fact that NoV was detected resulted in a higher risk associated with this pathogen-product pairing; compounded by the higher prevalence of NoV within the community compared to HAV, and the potential for leafy greens to become contaminated following processing if sold loose.
由于新鲜农产品导致食源性病毒爆发的明显国际上升，以及新鲜农产品在澳大利亚饮食中的重要性不断增加，因此需要收集信息来为制定风险管理策略提供依据。2013 年至 2014 年期间，对澳大利亚零售新鲜农产品（叶菜类、草莓和蓝莓）中的诺如病毒（NoV）和甲型肝炎病毒（HAV）进行了流行率调查，并利用这些数据来制定风险概况。在为期一年的调查中，未在浆果和叶菜类中检测到 HAV，估计 HAV 在浆果中的流行率<2%，在叶菜类中的流行率<2%。在新鲜草莓和蓝莓中，NoV 的流行率也估计<2%，且未在浆果中检测到病毒，而叶菜类中的 NoV 流行率为 2.2%。还调查了细菌卫生指标大肠杆菌的流行率，发现其在浆果中的范围为<1%，在叶菜类中的范围为 10.7%。未检测到任何 NoV 阳性的叶菜类样本对大肠杆菌呈阳性，表明其是病毒风险的不良指标。使用标准法典程序和 Risk Ranger 工具对风险进行了评估。考虑到所有数据，包括危害剂量和严重程度、暴露概率、感染剂量概率和可用的流行病学数据，与作为包装产品销售的澳大利亚新鲜浆果（草莓和蓝莓）相关的食源性 HAV 和 NoV 疾病风险被认为很低。与叶菜类相关的食源性 HAV 疾病风险也被认为很低，但高于新鲜浆果，主要原因是如果散装销售，加工后存在再次污染的可能性。与叶菜类相关的食源性 NoV 疾病风险被认为是低/中度。尽管叶菜类中 NoV 的流行率较低，并且基于 PCR 的方法无法区分感染性和非感染性病毒，但由于检测到了 NoV，因此与这种病原体-产品配对相关的风险更高；这与社区中 NoV 的流行率高于 HAV 以及叶菜类如果散装销售，如果加工后受到污染，其污染的可能性更高有关。
