Movement Analysis Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Via di Barbiano 1/10, 40136 Bologna, Italy.
J Foot Ankle Res. 2019 Sep 2;12:46. doi: 10.1186/s13047-019-0357-7. eCollection 2019.
Advancements in additive manufacturing, along with new 3D scanning tools, are increasingly fulfilling the technological need for custom devices in personalized medicine. In podiatry and in the footwear industry, custom orthotic and footwear solutions are often required to address foot pathologies or morphological alterations which cannot be managed with standard devices. While laser scanners are the current gold-standard for 3D digitization of the foot shape, their costs limit their applications and diffusion, therefore traditional operator-dependent casting methods are still in use. The aim of this study was to design and validate a novel 3D foot scanner based on the Microsoft Kinect sensor, allowing a 3D scan of the plantar shape of the foot to be acquired in weight-bearing.
The accuracy and repeatability of the prototypal foot scanner were investigated in a population of 14 asymptomatic healthy subjects, with no history of foot or lower limb injuries. The accuracy was estimated by comparing the Kinect foot scans with those obtained with a high-resolution laser scanner used as reference. The repeatability was assessed by comparing scans of the same foot acquired in different sessions.
The inter-subject average Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) of the Kinect scans was lower than 3 mm for the whole plantar surface, and lower than 1.6 mm for the arch region alone, both in left and right feet. The repeatability, quantified as the average RMSE of pairwise comparisons between sessions, was 1.2 ± 0.4 mm.
The present Kinect-based 3D foot scanner showed optimal intra-operator repeatability and its accuracy appears adequate to obtain 3D scans of the foot plantar surface suitable for different clinical applications. This device could represent a valid low-cost alternative to expensive laser-based scanners and could be used for automatic foot measurements, supporting the design of custom insoles and footwear.
增材制造技术的进步以及新的 3D 扫描工具，越来越满足个性化医疗中定制设备的技术需求。在足病学和制鞋业中，通常需要定制矫形器和鞋类解决方案来解决无法通过标准设备管理的足部病理或形态改变。虽然激光扫描仪是当前足部形状 3D 数字化的黄金标准，但它们的成本限制了它们的应用和普及，因此传统的依赖操作人员的铸造方法仍在使用。本研究的目的是设计和验证一种基于 Microsoft Kinect 传感器的新型 3D 足部扫描仪，允许在负重状态下获取足底形状的 3D 扫描。
在 14 名无症状健康受试者的人群中，研究人员对原型足部扫描仪的准确性和可重复性进行了研究，这些受试者没有足部或下肢受伤史。通过将 Kinect 足部扫描与用作参考的高分辨率激光扫描仪获得的扫描进行比较来估计准确性。通过比较不同会话中获取的同一足部的扫描来评估可重复性。
Kinect 扫描的个体间平均均方根误差（RMSE）在整个足底表面低于 3mm，在左、右脚的足弓区域低于 1.6mm。可重复性，即会话间两两比较的平均 RMSE，为 1.2±0.4mm。
本研究基于 Kinect 的 3D 足部扫描仪具有最佳的内部操作员重复性，其准确性足以获得适合不同临床应用的足部足底表面的 3D 扫描。该设备可以作为昂贵的激光扫描仪的一种有价值的低成本替代方案，并可用于自动足部测量，支持定制鞋垫和鞋类的设计。
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