Ning Su-Fang, Zhou Jin-Cheng, Liu Quan-Quan, Zhao Qian, Dong Hui
College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China.
PeerJ. 2019 Aug 23;7:e7567. doi: 10.7717/peerj.7567. eCollection 2019.
Intersex is an intermediate stage of sexual differentiation in insects. Determining intersex morphology and the cause of its production will aid in the understanding of the mechanism of sexual differentiation in insects. In this paper, -infected ( ) that shows thelytokous parthenogenesis were used as subjects. In order to determine the causes of the intersex and the influence of parental generation temperature on gradual changes in secondary masculinization in intersex offspring, we examined the occurrence of intersex offspring (F and F generation) after the parental generations were treated with high temperature (27, 29, 31, and 33 °C) and described the external morphology of the intersexes. The results showed that the parental generation temperature is positively correlated with the probability of intersex offspring. The probability of F intersex is significantly higher than that of F intersex in different high temperature. The degree of secondary masculinization in intersexes increases as parental generation temperature increases. In addition, our study first identified 11 intersex types in and found that the primary and secondary sexual characteristics showed a regular distribution. We also found that the D type and H type of intersex have the highest frequency of appearance. The external genitalia of most intersexes were female, and only three intersex types have male external genitalia. Conclusions were ultimately obtained: is a direct factor that causes the occurrence of intersexes, while high temperature is an indirect factor that determines the external morphology of intersexes. The effects of high temperature on intersexes is passed through the parental generation to offspring, and this maternal effect weakens as the number of generations increases. In intersex individuals, most exhibit female primary sexual characteristics, and secondary sexual characteristics exhibit signs of masculinization.
间性是昆虫性别分化的一个中间阶段。确定间性形态及其产生原因将有助于理解昆虫性别分化的机制。在本文中，以表现产雌孤雌生殖的感染（ ）为研究对象。为了确定间性产生的原因以及亲代温度对间性后代继发性雄性化逐渐变化的影响，我们研究了亲代经高温（27、29、31和33°C）处理后间性后代（F1和F2代）的出现情况，并描述了间性个体的外部形态。结果表明，亲代温度与间性后代的出现概率呈正相关。在不同高温条件下，F1代间性的出现概率显著高于F2代间性。间性个体的继发性雄性化程度随着亲代温度的升高而增加。此外，我们的研究首次在 中鉴定出11种间性类型，并发现其第一性征和第二性征呈规则分布。我们还发现D型和H型间性出现频率最高。大多数间性个体的外生殖器为雌性，只有三种间性类型具有雄性外生殖器。最终得出结论： 是导致间性出现的直接因素，而高温是决定间性外部形态的间接因素。高温对 间性的影响通过亲代传递给后代，且这种母体效应随着代数的增加而减弱。在 间性个体中，大多数表现出雌性第一性征，第二性征表现出雄性化迹象。
