Department of Chemistry, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda; Institute of Sustainable and Environmental Chemistry, Leuphana University of Lüneburg, Universitätsallee 1, 21335, Lüneburg, Germany.
Department of Chemistry, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda.
Chemosphere. 2020 Jan;239:124642. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.124642. Epub 2019 Aug 26.
The occurrence of 24 pharmaceuticals (including 15 antibiotics, three analgesic/anti-inflammatory drugs, three anti-epileptic/antidepressant drugs, two beta blockers, and one lipid regulator) was investigated in 75 water samples collected from four bays in the Ugandan part of Lake Victoria. In addition, the potential environmental risk of the target pharmaceutical compounds to aquatic organisms in the aquatic ecosystem of Lake Victoria was assessed. Water samples were extracted using solid phase extraction and analyzed for pharmaceuticals using high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS). Eighteen of the 24 pharmaceuticals occurred at quantifiable concentrations. Sulfamethoxazole (1-5600 ng L), trimethoprim (1-89 ng L), tetracycline (3-70 ng L), sulfacetamide (1-13 ng L), and ibuprofen (6-780 ng L) occurred at quantifiable concentrations in all water samples. Sulfamethazine (2-50 ng L), erythromycin (10-66 ng L), diclofenac (2-160 ng L), and carbamazepine (5-72 ng L) were only quantifiable in water samples from Murchison Bay. The highest concentrations of pharmaceuticals were found in Murchison Bay, the main recipient of sewage effluents, industrial and municipal waste from Kampala city via the Nakivubo channel. Ecotoxicological risk assessment showed that sulfamethoxazole, oxytetracycline, erythromycin, and diclofenac pose a high toxic risk to aquatic organisms in the lake, while ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin, and ibuprofen pose a medium risk. This study is the first of its kind to report the levels and ecotoxic risks of pharmaceutical compounds in Lake Victoria waters, of Uganda, and East Africa as a whole.
对来自维多利亚湖乌干达部分的四个海湾的 75 个水样进行了 24 种药物（包括 15 种抗生素、3 种镇痛药/抗炎药、3 种抗癫痫/抗抑郁药、2 种β受体阻滞剂和 1 种降脂药）的检测。此外，还评估了目标药物化合物对维多利亚湖水生态系统中水生生物的潜在环境风险。水样采用固相萃取法提取，采用高效液相色谱-三重四极杆质谱联用仪（LC/MS/MS）进行药物分析。在所检测的 24 种药物中，有 18 种药物的浓度可量化。磺胺甲恶唑（1-5600ng/L）、甲氧苄啶（1-89ng/L）、四环素（3-70ng/L）、磺胺醋酰（1-13ng/L）和布洛芬（6-780ng/L）在所有水样中均有可量化浓度。磺胺嘧啶（2-50ng/L）、红霉素（10-66ng/L）、双氯芬酸（2-160ng/L）和卡马西平（5-72ng/L）仅在姆皮卡湾水样中可量化。药物浓度最高的是姆皮卡湾，该湾是纳基武布通道从坎帕拉市接收污水、工业和城市废物的主要接收者。生态毒理学风险评估表明，磺胺甲恶唑、土霉素、红霉素和双氯芬酸对湖泊中的水生生物构成高毒性风险，而环丙沙星、诺氟沙星和布洛芬则构成中等风险。本研究首次报告了维多利亚湖乌干达和东非地区药物化合物的水平和生态毒性风险。
