Wickens Christopher D, Williams Adam, Clegg Benjamin A, Smith C A P
3447 Colorado State University, Fort Collins, USA.
Hum Factors. 2020 Dec;62(8):1304-1321. doi: 10.1177/0018720819871409. Epub 2019 Sep 18.
Experimentally investigate maneuver decision preferences in navigating ships to avoid a collision. How is safety (collision avoidance) balanced against efficiency (deviation from path and delay) and rules of the road under conditions of both trajectory certainty and uncertainty.
Human decision error is a prominent factor in nautical collisions, but the multiple factors of geometry of collisions and role of uncertainty have been little studied in empirical human factors literature.
Eighty-seven Mechanical Turk participants performed in a lower fidelity ship control simulation, depicting ownship and a cargo ship hazard on collision or near-collision trajectories of various conflict geometries, while controlling heading and speed with the sluggish relative dynamics. Experiment 1 involved the hazard on a straight trajectory. In Experiment 2, the hazard could turn on unpredictable trials. Participants were rewarded for efficiency and penalized for collisions or close passes.
Participants made few collisions, but did so more often when on a collision path. They sometimes violated the instructed rules of the road by maneuvering in front of the hazard ship's path. They preferred speed control to heading control. Performance degraded in conditions of uncertainty.
Data reveal an understanding of maneuver decisions and conditions that affect the balance between safety and efficiency.
The simulation and data highlight the degrading role of uncertainty and provide a foundation upon which more complex questions can be asked, asked of more trained navigators, and decision support tools examined.
通过实验研究船舶航行中避免碰撞时的操纵决策偏好。在轨迹确定和不确定的情况下，如何在安全（避碰）与效率（偏离航线和延误）以及航行规则之间取得平衡。
人为决策失误是航海碰撞中的一个突出因素，但碰撞几何的多个因素以及不确定性的作用在实证人为因素文献中研究较少。
87名亚马逊土耳其机器人平台参与者在一个低保真度的船舶控制模拟中进行操作，模拟中显示本船和一艘货船在各种冲突几何形状的碰撞或近碰撞轨迹上构成危险，同时通过缓慢的相对动力学来控制航向和速度。实验1涉及直线轨迹上的危险。在实验2中，危险物在不可预测的试验中可能转向。参与者因效率获得奖励，因碰撞或近距离通过而受到惩罚。
参与者很少发生碰撞，但在碰撞航向上时碰撞更为频繁。他们有时会违反指示的航行规则，在危险船的航向前进行操纵。他们更喜欢速度控制而非航向控制。在不确定的情况下，表现会下降。
数据揭示了对操纵决策以及影响安全与效率平衡的条件的理解。
该模拟和数据突出了不确定性的恶化作用，并为提出更复杂的问题、向训练有素的导航员提问以及检验决策支持工具奠定了基础。
