Hockey G Robert J, Healey Alex, Crawshaw Martin, Wastell David G, Sauer Jürgen
School of Psychology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.
Hum Factors. 2003 Summer;45(2):252-65. doi: 10.1518/hfes.45.2.252.27240.
The study examines the cognitive demands of collision avoidance under a range of maritime scenarios. Operators used a PC-based radar simulator to navigate set courses over 100 6-min trials varying in collision threat and traffic density. Corrective maneuvers were made through the application of standard navigation rules and by using two decision aids (target acquisition and test maneuver). Results showed widespread effects of collision threat in terms of decision aid use, subjective workload, and secondary task performance. Most notably, demand increased markedly over the course of emergency trials, in which collision threat resulted from rule violation by target vessels. The findings are discussed in terms of the comparison between predictable demands (requiring standard course changes) and those involving uncertainty about the others' intentions (involving more intensive monitoring and forced delays in corrective action). The study has relevance for the design of collision avoidance systems, specifically for the use of ecological displays.
该研究考察了一系列海上场景下避碰的认知需求。操作人员使用基于个人电脑的雷达模拟器，在100次时长为6分钟的试验中沿着设定航线航行，试验中的碰撞威胁和交通密度各不相同。通过应用标准航行规则并使用两种决策辅助工具（目标获取和测试机动）来进行纠正性操纵。结果表明，在决策辅助工具的使用、主观工作量和次要任务表现方面，碰撞威胁具有广泛影响。最值得注意的是，在应急试验过程中需求显著增加，在应急试验中，碰撞威胁是由目标船只违反规则导致的。研究结果从可预测需求（需要标准航向改变）与涉及他人意图不确定性的需求（涉及更密集的监测和纠正行动的强制延迟）之间的比较角度进行了讨论。该研究对避碰系统的设计具有参考价值，特别是对于生态显示器的使用。
