Forensic Toxicology Laboratory, Forensic and Scientific Services, Health Support Queensland, 39 Kessels Road, Coopers Plains, Queensland, 4108, Australia.
Forensic Toxicology Laboratory, Forensic and Scientific Services, Health Support Queensland, 39 Kessels Road, Coopers Plains, Queensland, 4108, Australia.
Forensic Sci Int. 2019 Oct;303:109958. doi: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2019.109958. Epub 2019 Sep 12.
The routine analysis of driver specimens for gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) is rarely performed by toxicology laboratories as the physical and chemical properties of GHB make it unamenable to the screening methods usually employed. The prevalence of the drug in driver populations has therefore only rarely been reported. This study outlines the results of the routine analysis for GHB in the blood of motor vehicle drivers in Queensland, Australia, over an eight-year period (2011-2018). The methodology for GHB analysis was updated over the course of the study; screening for GHB was conducted using GC/FID or GC/MS between 2011 and 2016 and by LC/MS/MS from 2017 onwards. Due to the endogenous nature of GHB, any specimens containing greater than 5mg/kg GHB were subjected to quantitative analysis by either; GC/MS after liquid-liquid extraction and derivatisation with BSTFA+1%TMCS (2011-2016), or by LC/MS/MS analysis after solvent precipitation from 2017 onwards. Of the 15,061 specimens analysed, 160 were positive for GHB (1.1% of all cases, range 0.4-1.8%). GHB positive drivers were 66.9% male (33.1% female) and had an average age of 32 years. The mean GHB concentration identified was 89mg/kg (range 6-354mg/kg). GHB was found to be closely associated with amphetamine type substances (ATS), particularly methylamphetamine. Though GHB was present in only 2.2% of all ATS positive specimens submitted to the laboratory, 91.2% of all GHB positive cases contained an ATS. Other drugs commonly co-administered with GHB were THC, cocaine, benzodiazepines and erectile dysfunction drugs. GHB was found to be more commonly identified in drivers from city areas and a geographical localisation of the use of the drug was identified in the Gold Coast region of Queensland.
常规分析驾驶员样本中的γ-羟基丁酸（GHB）的情况很少在毒理学实验室中进行，因为 GHB 的物理和化学性质使其无法使用通常采用的筛选方法。因此，关于驾驶员群体中该药物的流行情况，很少有报道。本研究概述了在澳大利亚昆士兰州，在八年期间（2011-2018 年）对机动车驾驶员血液中 GHB 的常规分析结果。在研究过程中，GHB 分析方法进行了更新；2011 年至 2016 年，使用 GC/FID 或 GC/MS 进行 GHB 筛查，2017 年起则使用 LC/MS/MS 进行筛查。由于 GHB 的内源性性质，任何含有大于 5mg/kg GHB 的样本都需要进行定量分析，方法是：2011-2016 年，用 BSTFA+1%TMCS 进行液-液提取和衍生化的 GC/MS；或从 2017 年起，通过溶剂沉淀进行 LC/MS/MS 分析。在分析的 15061 个样本中，有 160 个样本呈 GHB 阳性（所有病例的 1.1%，范围为 0.4-1.8%）。GHB 阳性驾驶员中，男性占 66.9%（女性占 33.1%），平均年龄为 32 岁。确定的 GHB 平均浓度为 89mg/kg（范围为 6-354mg/kg）。GHB 与苯丙胺类物质（ATS），特别是甲基苯丙胺密切相关。尽管在提交给实验室的所有 ATS 阳性样本中，GHB 仅占 2.2%，但所有 GHB 阳性病例中有 91.2%都含有 ATS。与 GHB 一起常用的其他药物还有四氢大麻酚、可卡因、苯二氮䓬类药物和勃起功能障碍药物。在城市地区的驾驶员中更常发现 GHB，在昆士兰州黄金海岸地区确定了该药物的使用的地理位置。
