Toxicological effects of ciprofloxacin exposure to Drosophila melanogaster.

The abuse of ciprofloxacin (CIP) may cause serious side effects and the mechanisms underlying these effects remain unclear. Here, we determinate the 48 h, 72 h and 96 h LC values of CIP to Drosophila melanogaster and demonstrate a series of adverse effects after D. melanogaster was exposed to CIP at a sublethal concentration (3.2 mg mL). Treated individuals showed shorter lifespan, delayed development and many of the treated larvae failed to pupate or hatch. Smaller body size was observed at every life stage when exposed to CIP and the size of pupae, the weight of third-instar larvae exhibited a perfectly dose-response relationship that the larger concentration exposed to, the smaller body size or lighter weight is. Moreover, reduction in fat body cell viability, elevated oxidative stress markers (SOD and CAT) and down-regulation of diap1, ex, two target genes of Yorkie (Yki), was observed in response to CIP exposure. Most importantly, we found two types of black spot in Drosophila and the proportion of larvae with a black spot was positively related to the treatment dose, which is new in the field. This study provides a scientific basis for the potential harm caused by abuse of quinolones with the goal of urging cautious use of antibiotics.