Management of isolated and complex craniosynostosis residual deformities: What are the maxillofacial tools?

Treatment of craniosynostosis is complex and has greatly progressed in recent decades. From the early stages in the 1950s to today's most recent techniques, surgeons have faced the challenge of overcoming the deformities often caused by such invasive, complex surgeries. In the most recent years, new techniques have been developed that address surgical sequelae, including those of surgery performed in childhood. After a general introduction on craniosynostosis, the present paper describes the various types of deformity that may result from complex surgery and offers an overview of the various tools available to surgeons. An explanation of each indication and procedure is given.