Wallis Joni D
Department of Psychology, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States; Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States.
Handb Clin Neurol. 2019;163:281-294. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-12-804281-6.00015-X.
Neurons throughout frontal cortex show robust responses to rewards, but a challenge is determining the specific function served by these different reward signals. Most neuropsychiatric disorders involve dysfunction of circuits between frontal cortex and subcortical structures, such as the striatum. There are multiple frontostriatal loops, and different neuropsychiatric disorders involve different loops to greater or lesser extents. Understanding the role of reward in each of these different circuits is a necessary step in developing novel treatments for these disorders. This chapter summarizes the recent literature that has identified the role of reward in different subregions of the frontal cortex. Orbitofrontal cortex integrates information about multiple aspects of expected rewards in order to derive their value, which can then be used to decide between alternative potential rewards. Neurons in anterior cingulate cortex encode the difference between the expected reward and the actual outcome. This information is useful for learning, since it can ensure that behavior changes when the outcome was not anticipated. Reward also affects signals in lateral prefrontal cortex related to attention and response selection, ensuring that behaviors are optimally prioritized. Finally, the chapter discusses how reward signals contribute to social processing and autonomic control.
前额叶皮质中的神经元对奖励表现出强烈反应，但一个挑战是确定这些不同奖励信号所发挥的具体功能。大多数神经精神疾病都涉及前额叶皮质与纹状体等皮质下结构之间回路的功能障碍。存在多个额纹状体环路，不同的神经精神疾病在不同程度上涉及不同的环路。了解奖励在这些不同回路中的作用是开发针对这些疾病的新疗法的必要步骤。本章总结了最近的文献，这些文献确定了奖励在额叶皮质不同亚区域中的作用。眶额皮质整合有关预期奖励多个方面的信息，以得出其价值，然后可用于在不同的潜在奖励之间做出决策。前扣带回皮质中的神经元编码预期奖励与实际结果之间的差异。此信息对学习很有用，因为它可以确保在结果未被预期时行为发生改变。奖励还会影响外侧前额叶皮质中与注意力和反应选择相关的信号，确保行为得到最佳优先级排序。最后，本章讨论奖励信号如何促进社会加工和自主控制。
