Genter Mary Beth, Doty Richard L
Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States.
Smell and Taste Center and Department of Otorhinolaryngology: Head and Neck Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States.
Handb Clin Neurol. 2019;164:389-408. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-444-63855-7.00022-8.
This review addresses the adverse influences of neurotoxic exposures on the ability to smell and taste. These chemical senses largely determine the flavor of foods and beverages, impact food intake, and ultimately nutrition, and provide a warning for spoiled or poisonous food, leaking natural gas, smoke, airborne pollutants, and other hazards. Hence, toxicants that damage these senses have a significant impact on everyday function. As noted in detail, a large number of toxicants encountered in urban and industrial air pollution, including smoke, solvents, metals, and particulate matter can alter the ability to smell. Their influence on taste, i.e., sweet, sour, bitter, salty, and savory (umami) sensations, is not well documented. Given the rather direct exposure of olfactory receptors to the outside environment, olfaction is particularly vulnerable to damage from toxicants. Some toxicants, such as nanoparticles, have the potential to damage not only the olfactory receptor cells, but also the central nervous system structures by their entrance into the brain through the olfactory mucosa.
本综述探讨了神经毒性暴露对嗅觉和味觉能力的不良影响。这些化学感官在很大程度上决定了食品和饮料的风味，影响食物摄入量以及最终的营养状况，并对变质或有毒食物、天然气泄漏、烟雾、空气传播污染物及其他危害发出警示。因此，损害这些感官的毒物会对日常功能产生重大影响。详细来说，城市和工业空气污染中遇到的大量毒物，包括烟雾、溶剂、金属和颗粒物，都可改变嗅觉能力。它们对味觉，即甜、酸、苦、咸和鲜味（美味）感觉的影响，记录并不充分。鉴于嗅觉受体直接暴露于外部环境，嗅觉特别容易受到毒物的损害。一些毒物，如纳米颗粒，不仅有可能损害嗅觉受体细胞，还可能通过嗅觉黏膜进入大脑而损害中枢神经系统结构。
