Doty Richard L
Smell and Taste Center and Department of Otorhinolaryngology: Head and Neck Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States.
Handb Clin Neurol. 2019;164:229-246. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-444-63855-7.00015-0.
The senses of smell and taste are largely underappreciated by laypersons and medical professionals alike. Unlike vision, hearing, balance, and touch, they are rarely evaluated quantitatively in the clinic, even though hundreds of thousands of persons seek medical help annually for disorders of these senses. Chemosensory disorders impact quality of life, including the flavor of foods and beverages, and compromise the ability to detect such environmental hazards as fires, leaking natural gas, and spoiled foodstuffs. Moreover, olfactory dysfunction can be a harbinger for Alzheimer's and other neurodegenerative diseases, and is known to triple the likelihood of mortality in older persons over the course of 4 or 5 years. Without accurate testing, one cannot establish the veracity of a patient's complaint, the probability of malingering, the impact of treatments, and whether the degree of dysfunction is normal relative to a patient's age and sex. This chapter provides basic information as to how to measure both the senses of smell and taste, as well as normative data for several clinical smell and taste tests.
嗅觉和味觉在很大程度上未得到外行人及医学专业人士的重视。与视觉、听觉、平衡觉和触觉不同，在临床上它们很少被进行定量评估，尽管每年有数十万人因这些感觉障碍寻求医疗帮助。化学感觉障碍会影响生活质量，包括食物和饮料的风味，并损害检测火灾、天然气泄漏和变质食品等环境危害的能力。此外，嗅觉功能障碍可能是阿尔茨海默病和其他神经退行性疾病的先兆，并且已知在4到5年的时间里会使老年人的死亡可能性增加两倍。如果没有准确的检测，就无法确定患者投诉的真实性、诈病的可能性、治疗的效果，以及功能障碍程度相对于患者年龄和性别的正常情况。本章提供了关于如何测量嗅觉和味觉的基本信息，以及几种临床嗅觉和味觉测试的标准数据。
