Microbiological Aspects of Traumatic Injuries.

After traumatic injuries to teeth, microorganisms may invade the compromised pulp tissue and initiate pulp infection and periapical inflammation. In addition to bone resorption that typically accompanies pulp necrosis, root resorption frequently occurs. Root resorption has several variants that may occur shortly after the trauma or at a later stage. The pathological changes seen after traumatic injuries to teeth are invariably linked to the presence of microbial irritants. The presence of bacterial biofilms in the dental pulp space can be treated with regenerative or therapeutic endodontic procedures. However, necrosis of periodontal ligament is usually terminal for the tooth involved. In this review, the sources of bacteria after traumatic injuries are discussed. The types and role of microorganisms involved in the pathogenesis of endodontic pathosis after traumatic injuries are presented, and contemporary approaches for the management of these conditions are reviewed. Contemporary antimicrobial strategies are discussed. The rationale for the use of systemic and topical antimicrobials is presented. Finally, novel approaches to the use of antimicrobial therapies, particularly in regenerative procedures, are reviewed.