Institute of Biochemistry/Center for Preventive Doping Research, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
Institute of Biochemistry/Center for Preventive Doping Research, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany; European Monitoring Center for Emerging Doping Agents (EuMoCEDA), Cologne/Bonn, Germany.
Adv Clin Chem. 2019;93:115-167. doi: 10.1016/bs.acc.2019.07.003. Epub 2019 Sep 11.
The qualitative and quantitative determination of insulin and its related substances (e. g., C-peptide) is of great importance in many different areas of analytical chemistry. In particular, due to the steadily increasing prevalence of metabolic disorders such as diabetes mellitus, an adequate control of the circulating amount of insulin is desirable. In addition, also in forensics and doping control analysis, the determination of insulin in blood, urine or other biological matrices plays a major role. However, in order to establish general reference values for insulin and C-peptide for diabetology, the comparability of measured concentrations is indispensable. This has not yet been fully implemented, although enormous progress has been made in recent years, and the search for a "gold standard" method is still ongoing. In addition to established ligand-binding assays, an increasing number of mass-spectrometric methods have been developed and employed as the to-date available systems (for example, high-resolution/high accuracy mass spectrometers) provide the sensitivity required to determine analyte concentrations in the sub-ng/mL (sub-100pmol/L) level. Meanwhile, also high-throughput measurements have been realized to meet the requirement of testing a high number of samples in a short period of time. Further developments aim at enabling the online measurement of insulin in the blood with the help of an insulin sensor and, in the following, in addition to a brief review, today's state of the art testing developments are summarized.
胰岛素及其相关物质（例如 C 肽）的定性和定量测定在分析化学的许多不同领域都非常重要。特别是由于代谢紊乱（如糖尿病）的患病率不断增加，因此需要对循环胰岛素的量进行适当控制。此外，在法医学和兴奋剂控制分析中，血液、尿液或其他生物基质中的胰岛素测定也起着重要作用。然而，为了为糖尿病学建立胰岛素和 C 肽的一般参考值，必须确保测量浓度的可比性。尽管近年来已经取得了巨大的进展，但这尚未完全实现，并且仍然在寻找“金标准”方法。除了已建立的配体结合测定法之外，还已经开发并采用了越来越多的质谱测定法，因为迄今为止可用的系统（例如，高分辨率/高精度质谱仪）提供了测定亚纳克/毫升（亚 100 皮摩尔/升）水平的分析物浓度所需的灵敏度。同时，也实现了高通量测量，以满足在短时间内测试大量样品的要求。进一步的发展旨在借助胰岛素传感器实现血液中胰岛素的在线测量，在接下来的内容中，除了简要回顾之外，还总结了当今的最新测试发展。
