Department of Chemical Engineering, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar.
Cranfield Water Science Institute, Cranfield University, Cranfield, Bedford, UK E-mail:
Water Sci Technol. 2019 Aug;80(4):762-772. doi: 10.2166/wst.2019.318.
A comprehensive OPEX analysis for both municipal and industrial wastewaters has been conducted encompassing energy, critical component (membrane) replacement, chemicals consumption, waste disposal and labour. The analysis was preceded by a review of recent data on industrial effluent treatability with reference to published chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal data for four effluent types: food and beverage, textile, petroleum and landfill leachate. Outcomes revealed labour costs to be the most significant of those considered, contributing 50% of the OPEX for a 10,000 m/day capacity municipal wastewater treatment works. An analysis of the OPEX sensitivity to 12 individual parameters (labour cost, flux, electrical energy cost, membrane life, feed COD, membrane cost, membrane air-scour rate, chemicals cost, waste disposal cost, mixed liquor suspended solids (MLSS) concentration, recirculation ratio, and transmembrane pressure) revealed OPEX to be most sensitive to labour effort and/or costs for all scenarios considered other than a large (100,000 m/day capacity) works, for which flux and electrical energy costs were found to be slightly more influential. It was concluded that for small- to medium-sized plants cost savings are best made through improving the robustness of plants to limit manual intervention necessitated by unforeseen events, such as electrical/mechanical failure, foaming or sludging.
对市政和工业废水进行了全面的运营成本（OPEX）分析，涵盖了能源、关键部件（膜）更换、化学品消耗、废物处理和劳动力成本。在进行分析之前，回顾了最近关于工业废水处理能力的相关数据，并参考了四类废水（食品和饮料、纺织、石油和垃圾渗滤液）的已发表的化学需氧量（COD）去除数据。结果表明，劳动力成本是所有考虑因素中最重要的，占 10000 立方米/天处理能力的市政废水处理厂运营成本的 50%。对 12 个单独参数（劳动力成本、通量、电能成本、膜寿命、进料 COD、膜成本、膜空气擦洗率、化学品成本、废物处理成本、混合液悬浮固体（MLSS）浓度、回流比和跨膜压力）的 OPEX 敏感性分析表明，除了大型（100000 立方米/天处理能力）工厂外，对于所有考虑的情况，运营成本对劳动力投入和/或成本最为敏感，而对于大型工厂，通量和电能成本的影响略大。结论是，对于中小型工厂，通过提高工厂的稳健性来节省成本，以限制因电气/机械故障、泡沫或污泥等意外事件而需要的人工干预。
