Dizayee Kasro Kakil Hassan, Judd Simon J
College of Engineering, Salahaddin University-Erbil, Erbil 44002, Iraq.
Cranfield Water Science Institute, Cranfield University, Bedford MK43 0AL, UK.
Membranes (Basel). 2022 Mar 31;12(4):391. doi: 10.3390/membranes12040391.
Low-pressure membrane technology (ultrafiltration and microfiltration) has been applied to two key effluents generated by the petroleum industry: produced water (PW) from oil exploration, a significant proportion being generated offshore, and onshore refinery/petrochemical effluent. PW is treated physicochemically to remove the oil prior to discharge, whereas the onshore effluents are often treated biologically to remove both the suspended and dissolved organic fractions. This review examines the efficacy and extent of implementation of membrane technology for these two distinct applications, focusing on data and information pertaining to the treatment of real effluents at large/full scale. Reported data trends from PW membrane filtration reveal that, notwithstanding extensive testing of ceramic membrane material for this duty, the mean fluxes sustained are highly variable and generally insufficiently high for offshore treatment on oil platforms where space is limited. This appears to be associated with the use of polymer for chemically-enhanced enhanced oil recovery, which causes significant membrane fouling impairing membrane permeability. Against this, the application of MBRs to onshore oil effluent treatment is well established, with a relatively narrow range of flux values reported (9−17 L·m−2·h−1) and >80% COD removal. It is concluded that the prospects of MBRs for petroleum industry effluent treatment are more favorable than implementation of membrane filtration for offshore PW treatment.
低压膜技术（超滤和微滤）已应用于石油工业产生的两种关键废水：石油勘探产生的采出水（PW），其中很大一部分产生于近海，以及陆上炼油厂/石化废水。采出水在排放前需进行物理化学处理以去除油污，而陆上废水通常采用生物处理以去除悬浮和溶解的有机成分。本综述考察了膜技术在这两种不同应用中的有效性和实施程度，重点关注与大规模/全规模实际废水处理相关的数据和信息。采出水膜过滤的报告数据趋势表明，尽管对用于此任务的陶瓷膜材料进行了广泛测试，但维持的平均通量变化很大，对于空间有限的石油平台上的近海处理而言，通常不够高。这似乎与使用聚合物进行化学强化采油有关，这会导致严重的膜污染，损害膜的渗透性。与此相反，膜生物反应器在陆上含油废水处理中的应用已得到充分确立，报告的通量值范围相对较窄（9−17 L·m−2·h−1），化学需氧量去除率>80%。结论是，膜生物反应器用于石油工业废水处理的前景比膜过滤用于近海采出水处理更为有利。
