Parasite burden in a short-lived chameleon, .

Life history theory predicts that species with shorter lifespan should show higher investments into growth and reproduction at the expense of immune defenses. Labord's chameleon () is the tetrapod with the shortest known life span. To investigate to which extent immunosenescence influences the die-off of these chameleons when they are only about 6 months old, we examined the gastrointestinal-, blood- and ectoparasite burden in in Kirindy Forest (western Madagascar) and compared them with sympatric and longer living cf. . Moreover, we included data from wild that were singly housed under ambient conditions with daily food and water supply. Gastrointestinal parasite prevalence of wild increased dramatically during the last 3 months of their lives, which include the reproductive period. cf. was found to have a belated increase in gastrointestinal parasites compared to . In . cf. higher prevalence of blood parasites were found, which probably result from the longer exposure to the arthropod intermediate host. Both species showed infestations with ectoparasites, which peaked in the rainy season but disappeared towards the dry season. Male showed a significantly higher prevalence of gastrointestinal - and ectoparasites and higher intensities of coccidians and ectoparasites than females. Males of cf. exhibited higher prevalence of blood- and ectoparasites, as well as higher intensities in ectoparasites. Caged individuals of both sexes showed delayed senescence, reduced parasite burden and lived longer than their wild conspecifics. Overall, the increase in the prevalence in gastrointestinal - and blood parasites towards the disappearance of the wild population of indicates that this species invests comparatively less energy in efficient immune system function, supporting the prediction of life history theory.