Unit of Medical Psychology, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5A, 1353, Copenhagen K, Denmark.
Center for Healthy Aging, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200, Copenhagen N, Denmark.
BMC Pediatr. 2019 Nov 9;19(1):420. doi: 10.1186/s12887-019-1778-y.
Pre- and postnatal factors have been found to be predictors of age at attaining milestones in infancy; however, the degree to which such factors are predictors of milestones in the subsequent years is less investigated. The aim was to conduct a systematic evaluation of a broad range of possible predictors of milestone attainment during the second and third years to identify factors that explain significant inter-individual variance.
Mothers of 4009 children from the Copenhagen Perinatal Cohort (1959-61) were interviewed by a physician about 20 developmental milestones at a three-year examination. Milestones were related to: Language, Walking, Eating, Dressing, Social interaction, and Toilet training. Information on possible predictors was collected during pregnancy and at a 1- and 3-year follow-up.
Several pre- and postnatal factors were significantly associated with the timing of milestone attainment; especially parental social status, paternal age, sex, gestational age, birth weight, birth length, weight increase in the first year of life, and motor development during the first year of life. The significant predictors explained 16.2% of the variance in the Overall mean of milestones and 20.3% of the variance in milestones related to Walking. The most influential individual factor for the timing of milestone attainment was previous motor development during the first year of life. Additionally, sex was an important factor as girls were generally faster at attaining milestones. Parental social status was a consistent, but relatively week predictor.
A notable amount of variance in the timing of milestones during the first three years of life can be explained by perinatal and early postnatal factors. The study provides evidence of developmental continuity as the main predictor of milestones in the second and third years was the speed of development during the first year.
已有研究发现，产前和产后因素可预测婴儿期达到各阶段的年龄；然而，这些因素对随后几年里程碑的预测程度研究较少。本研究旨在系统评估广泛的可能预测因素，以确定解释个体间差异的因素。
1959-61 年哥本哈根围产期队列中 4009 名儿童的母亲在三岁时由医生对 20 项发育里程碑进行访谈。里程碑包括：语言、行走、进食、穿衣、社交互动和如厕训练。在妊娠期间和 1 岁和 3 岁随访时收集可能的预测因素信息。
多项产前和产后因素与里程碑的时间显著相关；特别是父母的社会地位、父亲的年龄、性别、胎龄、出生体重、出生身长、生命第一年的体重增加和生命第一年的运动发育。显著的预测因素解释了总里程碑平均和与行走相关的里程碑的 16.2%和 20.3%的方差。对里程碑时间的最重要个体因素是生命第一年的先前运动发育。此外，性别是一个重要因素，因为女孩通常更快地达到里程碑。父母的社会地位是一个持续但相对较弱的预测因素。
生命最初三年里程碑时间的显著差异可以通过围产期和早期产后因素来解释。该研究提供了发展连续性的证据，因为第二年和第三年里程碑的主要预测因素是第一年的发育速度。
