Visual dysfunction in closed head injury.

Damage to the visual system often occurs after head injury. Clinical manifestations of visual system dysfunction may be monocular or binocular, and may include reduced visual acuity, visual field loss, and in some cases complete blindness. This paper reviews and updates nine cases of visual dysfunction secondary to closed head trauma. Pathophysiology, prognosis and optometric co-management with neurology and neuro-ophthalmology are highlighted. Optometric roles in visual rehabilitation and the prevention of head injury are addressed.