Temporal distribution of Fukushima-derived Cs in coniferous forest soil evaluated based on compartment-exponential model.

Based on the compartment and exponential models, the distribution of Fukushima-derived Cs was evaluated at four sampling dates in undisturbed coniferous forest soil. The compartment model was employed to evaluate the dynamic of Cs in the three sub-sections of the forest floor (FF), namely undergrowth (UG), litter layer (OL), and fragmented litter layer (OF), while the exponential model was administrated to describe its distribution below the FF. According to the compartment model, the derived ecological half-life of Cs in the UG, OL, and OF layers was 0.97, 1.1, and 4.9 years, respectively, indicating Cs resides much longer in the OF layer. Hence, this soil section remains a potential source of radiation dose mainly due to its high Cs content associated with low attenuation effect. Below the OF layer, the Cs distribution was well described by exponential model and its derived relaxation lengths were in the range of 0.8-1.4 cm, implying the migration of Cs in mineral soil is very slow and almost intact during the observation time. Collectively, our results highlighted that the compartment model for the FF and the exponential model for the soil below the FF are adequate enough to generate essential information. Thus, the potential decontamination measures should have to be chosen on their effect on the FF's Cs. Graphical abstract.