Distance perception warped by social relations: Social interaction information compresses distance.

Though distance perception feeds the fundamental input that constructs a visual structure of the world, the suggestion has been made that it is constrained by this constructed structure. Instead of focusing on the physically defined structure, this study investigates whether and how social relations, especially the quality of social interaction (how individuals interact) rather than its content (what type of social interaction), precisely influences distance perception. The quality of social interaction was framed as an actor's intent and incurred outcome regarding another individual, whether helpful or harmful. Through visual animations, intent was operationalized as an agent's (i.e., actor's) intentional or unintentional act having an influence on another agent (i.e., affectee). Two experiments were conducted. In Experiment 1, the act was helpful, resulting in small or great beneficial consequences to the affectee. In Experiment 2, the act was harmful and resulted in small or great losses to the affectee. We found that when the help or harm had a large effect on others (the great-benefits or great-losses conditions), distance was perceived as shorter than when help or harm was minor, and the actor's intent did not affect distance perception. This suggests that, regardless of the type of social interaction, distance perception is mainly influenced by the outcome of an act not by the actor's intent. It implies that the perceived quality of social interaction creates a social constraint on distance perception. These findings are consistent with the idea that the intent and outcome of an action are assessed differently, and they help us understand how social relation penetrates the perceptual system.