Retrospective analysis of testicular outcomes following laparoscopic two-stage Fowler Stephens orchidopexy.

AIM OF THE STUDY

Few large series report outcomes for laparoscopic two-stage Fowler Stephens orchidopexy (LFSO). The aims were to evaluate testicular outcomes and to identify factors predictive of successful outcome.

METHOD

A retrospective case series of children undergoing laparoscopic surgery for impalpable testes between May 1996 and March 2018 was reviewed. Data were collected from case and operative records. The primary outcomes of interest were testicular atrophy or re-ascent. Regression analysis was conducted to identify factors predictive of successful outcome. Data was expressed as median (IQR).

RESULTS

Of 279 patients (300 testes) undergoing laparoscopy for impalpable testis, 114 patients (128 testes) underwent LFSO. Eighty-five patients (96 testes) had adequate follow-up available (53 left; 43 right). Age at first stage was 19 (IQR 13-36) months. Fifteen children had relevant co-morbidities. Time between procedures was 7 (IQR 6-8) months. Longest follow-up available was 12.5 months (IQR 6.8-19.8). Atrophy occurred in 8 testes (8.3%), and ascent occurred in 6 (6.3%). No factors were significantly predictive of success, although a trend towards atrophy was seen amongst testes undergoing gubernacular division compared with a gubernaculum-sparing technique (p = 0.06; OR 3; 95% CI 0.97-9.3).

CONCLUSION

A successful outcome was seen amongst 82 of 96 testes (85%) undergoing LFSO, similar to previous reports. No factors were identified that significantly predicted outcome. Number of adverse outcomes was limited (hence possibility of type II error), and therefore preservation of the gubernaculum may reduce risk of testicular atrophy.

TYPE OF STUDY

Prognosis Study.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE

Level IV.