Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra (FFUC), Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal.
CEB-Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal.
Molecules. 2019 Nov 20;24(23):4209. doi: 10.3390/molecules24234209.
Diabetes mellitus, an incurable metabolic disease, is characterized by changes in the homeostasis of blood sugar levels, being the subcutaneous injection of insulin the first line treatment. This administration route is however associated with limited patient's compliance, due to the risk of pain, discomfort and local infection. Nanoparticles have been proposed as insulin carriers to make possible the administration of the peptide via friendlier pathways without the need of injection, i.e., via oral or nasal routes. Nanoparticles stand for particles in the nanometer range that can be obtained from different materials (e.g., polysaccharides, synthetic polymers, lipid) and are commonly used with the aim to improve the physicochemical stability of the loaded drug and thereby its bioavailability. This review discusses the use of different types of nanoparticles (e.g., polymeric and lipid nanoparticles, liposomes, dendrimers, niosomes, micelles, nanoemulsions and also drug nanosuspensions) for improved delivery of different oral hypoglycemic agents in comparison to conventional therapies.
糖尿病是一种不可治愈的代谢疾病，其特征是血糖稳态的变化，胰岛素的皮下注射是一线治疗方法。然而，由于疼痛、不适和局部感染的风险，这种给药途径与有限的患者依从性相关。纳米颗粒已被提议作为胰岛素载体，以使通过更友好的途径（无需注射，即通过口服或鼻内途径）给药成为可能。纳米颗粒是指纳米范围内的颗粒，可以从不同的材料（例如多糖、合成聚合物、脂质）中获得，通常用于提高载药的物理化学稳定性，从而提高其生物利用度。本综述讨论了不同类型的纳米颗粒（例如，聚合物和脂质纳米颗粒、脂质体、树枝状大分子、类脂体、胶束、纳米乳液以及药物纳米混悬剂）在改善不同口服降糖药的递送方面的应用，与传统疗法相比。
