Recent developments in nanoparticles for the treatment of diabetes.

Changes in the homeostasis of blood sugar levels are a hallmark of diabetes mellitus, an incurable metabolic condition, for which the first-line treatment is the subcutaneous injection of insulin. However, this method of administration is linked to low patient compliance because of the possibility of local infection, discomfort and pain. To enable the administration of the peptide through more palatable paths without requiring an injection, like by oral routes, the use of nanoparticles as insulin carriers has been suggested. The use of nanoparticles usually improves the bioavailability and physicochemical stability of the loaded medicine. The utilisation of several forms of nanoparticles (like lipid and polymeric nanoparticles, micelles, dendrimers, liposomes, niosomes, nanoemulsions and drug nanosuspensions) is discussed in this article as a way to improve the administration of various oral hypoglycaemic medications when compared to conventional treatments.