Temporal predictions provided by musical rhythm influence visual memory encoding.

Selective attention plays a key role in determining what aspects of our environment are encoded into long-term memory. Auditory rhythms with a regular beat provide temporal expectations that entrain attention and facilitate perception of visual stimuli aligned with the beat. The current study investigated whether entrainment to background auditory rhythms also facilitates higher-level cognitive functions such as episodic memory. In a series of experiments, we manipulated temporal attention through the use of rhythmic, instrumental music. In Experiment 1A and 1B, we found that background musical rhythm influenced the encoding of visual targets into memory, evident in enhanced subsequent memory for targets that appeared in-synchrony compared to out-of-synchrony with the background beat. Response times at encoding did not differ for in-synchrony compared to out-of-synchrony stimuli, suggesting that the rhythmic modulation of memory does not simply reflect rhythmic effects on perception and action. Experiment 2 investigated whether rhythmic effects on response times emerge when task procedures more closely match prior studies that have demonstrated significant auditory entrainment effects. Responses were faster for in-synchrony compared to out-of-synchrony stimuli when participants performed a more perceptually-oriented task that did not contain intervening recognition memory tests, suggesting that rhythmic effects on perception and action depend on the nature of the task demands. Together, these results support the hypothesis that rhythmic temporal regularities provided by background music can entrain attention and influence the encoding of visual stimuli into memory.