TH1/TH2 chemokines/cytokines profile in rats treated with tetanus toxoid and .

Natural products, including their purified materials, play a remarkable role in drug development. The Euphorbiaceae family, mainly , is used in some traditional medicine, and has evidence that its latex comprises immunomodulatory properties and cytokine production. This study aimed to measure the production of chemokines (IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-12, and RANTES), T1 cytokines (IFN-γ, TNF-α, GM-CSF, and IL-2) and T2 cytokines (IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, and IL-13) in rats after treatments with ethanol latex extract of . Vaccine treated and untreated rats were divided into seven groups to assess antimicrobial activities of the extracted components. After completion of the treatment schedule, blood was withdrawn and sera were collected. The results showed that the main component of the extract was a euphol compound. The extract showed antimicrobial activity and had the ability to modulate innate and adaptive immunity. Animals treated with extract for only 7 days before vaccination showed higher levels of antibody production. The extract showed antibacterial and antifungal activities. The extract could stimulate both adaptive and innate immunity. Pre-treatment with the extract increased immune responses in vaccinated animals, indicating the usefulness of the extract before immunization.