Saarikivi Katri Annukka, Huotilainen Minna, Tervaniemi Mari, Putkinen Vesa
Cognitive Brain Research Unit, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Medicum, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
Front Integr Neurosci. 2019 Nov 6;13:62. doi: 10.3389/fnint.2019.00062. eCollection 2019.
In the current longitudinal study, we investigated the development of working memory in musically trained and nontrained children and adolescents, aged 9-20. We measured working memory with the Digit Span (DS) forwards and backwards tests ( = 106) and the Trail-Making A and B (TMT-A and B; = 104) tests three times, in 2011, 2013, and 2016. We expected that musically trained participants would outperform peers with no musical training. Indeed, we found that the younger musically trained participants, in particular, outperformed their nontrained peers in the TMT-A, TMT-B and DS forwards tests. These tests all primarily require active maintenance of a rule in memory or immediate recall. In contrast, we found no group differences in the backwards test that requires manipulation and updating of information in working memory. These results suggest that musical training is more strongly associated with heightened working memory capacity and maintenance than enhanced working memory updating, especially in late childhood and early adolescence.
在当前的纵向研究中，我们调查了9至20岁受过音乐训练和未受过音乐训练的儿童及青少年工作记忆的发展情况。我们在2011年、2013年和2016年，使用顺背和倒背数字广度（DS）测试（n = 106）以及连线测验A和B（TMT-A和B；n = 104）对工作记忆进行了三次测量。我们预计受过音乐训练的参与者表现会优于未受过音乐训练的同龄人。事实上，我们发现，尤其是较年轻的受过音乐训练的参与者，在TMT-A、TMT-B和DS顺背测试中表现优于未受过训练的同龄人。这些测试主要都需要在记忆中主动维持规则或即时回忆。相比之下，我们发现在需要对工作记忆中的信息进行操作和更新的倒背测试中，两组没有差异。这些结果表明，音乐训练与增强的工作记忆容量和维持能力的关联更强，而不是与增强的工作记忆更新能力，尤其是在童年晚期和青春期早期。
