Rowold Katharina
Soc Hist Med. 2019 Nov;32(4):799-818. doi: 10.1093/shm/hkx114. Epub 2018 Feb 5.
In 1945, the émigré psychoanalyst René Spitz published a landmark article in which he suggested that babies cared for in institutions commonly suffered from 'hospitalism' and failed to thrive. According to Spitz this was the case because such babies were deprived of 'maternal care, maternal stimulation, and maternal love.' Historical interest in separation research and the development of the concept of maternal deprivation has tended to focus on the 1940s and 50s. The term 'hospitalism', however, was coined at the end of the nineteenth century and by 1945 the question of whether or not babies could be cared for in institutions had already been debated for a number of decades by an international community of paediatricians and developmental psychologists, later joined by psychoanalysts. Criss-crossing national boundaries and exploring debates over the nature, causes, and prevention of 'hospitalism', this article elucidates the changing understandings of the impact on babies of living in institutions.
1945年，流亡的精神分析学家勒内·施皮茨发表了一篇具有里程碑意义的文章，他在文中指出，在机构中得到照料的婴儿通常会患上“住院病”且发育不良。据施皮茨所言，情况之所以如此，是因为这类婴儿被剥夺了“母亲的照料、母亲的刺激和母爱”。对分离研究以及母爱剥夺概念发展的历史兴趣往往集中在20世纪40年代和50年代。然而，“住院病”一词是在19世纪末创造的，到1945年，婴儿是否可以在机构中得到照料这个问题已经由国际儿科医生和发展心理学家群体争论了几十年，后来精神分析学家也加入了进来。本文跨越国界，探讨关于“住院病”的性质、成因及预防的争论，阐明了人们对生活在机构中对婴儿影响的不断变化的理解。
