Fuhrmann M, Castinel A, Cheslett D, Furones Nozal D, Whittington R J
Rev Sci Tech. 2019 Sep;38(2):491-509. doi: 10.20506/rst.38.2.3000.
Mollusc farming is the third most productive aquaculture activity in the world, and the Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas) is one of the most important farmed species. Since 2008, mass mortalities in C. gigas due to ostreid herpesvirus 1 microvariants have challenged the viability of this industry in Europe, New Zealand and Australia. Ten years after the emergence of this disease, there is evidence that the industry has become consolidated into fewer, larger companies, with the displacement of small farming enterprises and loss of employment in coastal communities. Rather than seeking technical solutions, the industry has turned to compensatory production strategies, such as increasing the number of spat placed on farms, higher market prices for table oysters and direct marketing, which appear to have allowed profitability. Biosecurity policies and responses to outbreaks, including those from within the industry, have had unintended consequences for hatcheries and farmers in areas free of disease, mainly caused by restrictions on animal movements, and have not prevented global spread. There may be opportunities for better coordination of industry and government responses to epizootic disease emergence in aquaculture. There is certainly a need for increased adoption of technical advances from research, once these solutions have been adequately verified.
贝类养殖是世界上第三大高产水产养殖活动，太平洋牡蛎（Crassostrea gigas）是最重要的养殖品种之一。自2008年以来，由牡蛎疱疹病毒1微变体引起的太平洋牡蛎大规模死亡事件，对欧洲、新西兰和澳大利亚该行业的生存能力构成了挑战。这种疾病出现十年后，有证据表明该行业已合并为数量更少、规模更大的公司，小型养殖企业被取代，沿海社区出现就业岗位流失。该行业没有寻求技术解决方案，而是转向了补偿性生产策略，如增加养殖场投放的幼体数量、提高食用牡蛎的市场价格以及直接营销，这些策略似乎带来了盈利。生物安全政策以及对疫情爆发的应对措施，包括行业内部的应对措施，对无病地区的孵化场和养殖户产生了意想不到的后果，主要是由于对动物流动的限制造成的，而且并没有阻止疫情的全球传播。在水产养殖中，行业和政府对动物疫病出现的应对措施或许有更好协调的机会。一旦这些解决方案得到充分验证，肯定有必要更多地采用来自研究的技术进步。
