Jaisoorya T S, Desai G, Nair B S, Rani A, Menon P G, Thennarasu K
National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India.
Department of Psychiatry, Government Medical College, Ernakulam, Kerala, India.
East Asian Arch Psychiatry. 2019 Dec;29(124):124-128. doi: 10.12809/eaap1771.
To survey the prevalence of retrospectively recalled clinically significant symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in childhood and determine the association of ADHD symptoms in childhood with current academic achievement and psychopathological outcomes among college students in the state of Kerala, India.
A self-administered questionnaire was distributed to 5784 students from 58 colleges selected by cluster random sampling. The Barkley Adult ADHD Rating Scale-IV was used for recollection of childhood ADHD symptoms; a total score of ≥60 (indicating the 99 percentile) was taken as the cut-off for clinically significant ADHD symptoms in childhood. The Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test was used to assess lifetime use of alcohol and tobacco. The Kessler Psychological Distress Scale was used to assess non-specific psychological distress. Lifetime suicidality and exposure to sexual abuse were assessed by asking relevant questions. Students who recalled having clinically significant ADHD symptoms in childhood were compared with those who did not.
Of 5784 students, 639 (11.5%) did not complete the questionnaire. Of the remaining 5145 students, 1750 (34.8%) were men and 3395 (65.2%) were women, with a mean age of 19.4 years. 143 (2.8%) students reported clinically significant ADHD symptoms in childhood. Childhood ADHD symptoms were significantly more common in men and in those living in urban areas. In the bivariate analysis, those with clinically significant ADHD symptoms in childhood had significantly higher odds of poorer academic performance, alcohol use, tobacco use, psychological distress, suicidal thoughts, suicidal attempts, and contact and non-contact sexual abuse, after adjusting for sex and residence.
Clinical evaluation and appropriate management may be warranted for adults who retrospectively recall clinically significant ADHD symptoms in childhood.
调查印度喀拉拉邦大学生童年期注意缺陷多动障碍（ADHD）临床显著症状的回顾性患病率，并确定童年期ADHD症状与当前学业成绩及心理病理结果之间的关联。
通过整群随机抽样，向58所学院的5784名学生发放了一份自填式问卷。使用巴克利成人ADHD评定量表第四版来回忆童年期的ADHD症状；总分≥60分（表明处于第99百分位数）被作为童年期临床显著ADHD症状的临界值。使用酒精、吸烟和物质使用筛查测试来评估酒精和烟草的终生使用情况。使用凯斯勒心理困扰量表来评估非特异性心理困扰。通过询问相关问题来评估终生自杀倾向和性虐待经历。将回忆起童年期有临床显著ADHD症状的学生与未回忆起的学生进行比较。
在5784名学生中，639名（11.5%）未完成问卷。在其余5145名学生中，1750名（34.8%）为男性，3395名（65.2%）为女性，平均年龄为19.4岁。143名（2.8%）学生报告童年期有临床显著的ADHD症状。童年期ADHD症状在男性和城市居民中明显更为常见。在双变量分析中，在对性别和居住地进行调整后，童年期有临床显著ADHD症状的学生在学业成绩较差、饮酒、吸烟、心理困扰、自杀念头、自杀未遂以及接触和非接触性虐待方面的几率显著更高。
对于回顾性回忆起童年期有临床显著ADHD症状的成年人，可能需要进行临床评估和适当管理。
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