Attenuated Typhimurium expressing Paratyphoid A O-antigen induces protective immune responses against two strains.

serovar Paratyphi A is the main causative agent of paratyphoid fever in many Asian countries. As paratyphoid is spread by the fecal-oral route, the most effective means of controlling . Paratyphi A infection is through the availability of clean water supplies and working sanitation services. Because sanitation facilities improve slowly in these poor areas and antibiotic resistance is severe, the development of a safe and effective vaccine remains a priority for controlling the spread of paratyphoid disease. In this study, we investigated the strategy of heterologous O-antigenic O2 serotype (. Paratyphi A characterized) conversion in . Typhimurium to prevent paratyphoid infections. A series of . Typhimurium mutants were constructed with replacement of and genes with respective , and , and the results showed that only three genes including and from . Paratyphi A presence enable . Typhimurium to sufficiently express O2 antigen polysaccharide. We also constructed a series of live attenuated . Typhimurium vaccine candidates expressing heterologous O2 O-antigens, and a mouse model was used to evaluate the immunogenicity of live vaccines. ELISA data showed that vaccine candidates could induce a comparatively high level of . Paratyphi A and/or . Typhimurium LPS-specific IgG and IgA responses in murine model, and IgG2a levels were consistently higher than IgG1 levels. Moreover, the functional properties of serum antibodies were evaluated using C3 complement deposition and opsonophagocytic assays. Our work highlights the potential for developing . Typhimurium live vaccines against . Paratyphi A.