Maylin George, Fenger Clara, Machin Jacob, Kudrimoti Sucheta, Eisenberg Rodney, Green Jonathan, Tobin Thomas
New York Drug Testing and Research Program, 777 Warren Rd, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA.
Equine Integrated Medicine, 4904 Ironworks Rd, Georgetown, KY 40324 USA.
Ir Vet J. 2019 Dec 23;72:15. doi: 10.1186/s13620-019-0153-5. eCollection 2019.
Aminorex, (RS)-5- Phenyl-4,5-dihydro-1,3-oxazol-2-amine, is an amphetamine-like anorectic and in the United States a Drug Enforcement Administration [DEA] Schedule 1 controlled substance. Aminorex in horse urine is usually present as a metabolite of Levamisole, an equine anthelmintic and immune stimulant. Recently, Aminorex identifications have been reported in horse urine with no history or evidence of Levamisole administration. Analysis of the urine samples suggested a botanical source, directing attention to the Brassicaceae plant family, with their contained GlucoBarbarin and Barbarin as possible sources of Aminorex. Since horsepersons face up to a 1 year suspension and a $10,000.00 fine for an Aminorex identification, the existence of natural sources of Aminorex precursors in equine feedstuffs is of importance to both individual horsepersons and the industry worldwide.
Testing the hypothesis that Brassicaceae plants could give rise to Aminorex identifications in equine urine we botanically identified and harvested flowering Kentucky , ("Yellow Rocket") in May 2018 in Kentucky and administered the plant orally to two horses. Analysis of post-administration urine samples yielded Aminorex, showing that consumption of Kentucky can give rise to Aminorex identifications in equine urine.
Aminorex has been identified in post administration urine samples from horses fed freshly harvested flowering Kentucky , colloquially "Yellow Rocket". These identifications are consistent with occasional low concentration identifications of Aminorex in equine samples submitted for drug testing. The source of these Aminorex identifications is believed to be the chemically related Barbarin, found as its precursor GlucoBarbarin in Kentucky and related Brassicaceae plants worldwide.
阿米雷司，(RS)-5-苯基-4,5-二氢-1,3-恶唑-2-胺，是一种类似苯丙胺的食欲抑制剂，在美国属于药品监督管理局（DEA）管制的1类精神药品。马尿中的阿米雷司通常是左旋咪唑的代谢产物，左旋咪唑是一种马用驱虫药和免疫刺激剂。最近，在没有左旋咪唑给药史或证据的马尿中也发现了阿米雷司。对尿液样本的分析表明其来源为植物，这将注意力引向十字花科植物家族，其所含的葡糖巴巴林和巴巴林可能是阿米雷司的来源。由于马匹检测出阿米雷司，马主可能面临长达1年的禁赛和10000美元的罚款，因此马饲料中存在阿米雷司前体的天然来源对个体马主和全球养马业都很重要。
为验证十字花科植物是否会导致马尿中出现阿米雷司的检测结果这一假设，我们于2018年5月在肯塔基州对开花期的肯塔基荠菜（俗称“黄火箭”）进行了植物鉴定和采收，并将该植物口服给两匹马。给药后尿液样本分析检测出了阿米雷司，表明食用肯塔基荠菜会导致马尿中出现阿米雷司的检测结果。
在给马喂食新鲜采收的开花期肯塔基荠菜（俗称“黄火箭”）后的尿液样本中检测到了阿米雷司。这些检测结果与提交进行药物检测的马样本中偶尔出现的低浓度阿米雷司检测结果一致。这些阿米雷司检测结果的来源被认为是化学相关的巴巴林，它在肯塔基荠菜和全球范围内的相关十字花科植物中以前体葡糖巴巴林的形式存在。
