Environmental factors modulate biofilm formation by .

Biofilm formation on indwelling medical devices represents an exclusive evasion mechanism for many pathogenic bacteria to establish chronic infections. is one of the major bacterial pathogens that are able to induce both animal and human infections. The continued emergence of multiple drug-resistant , especially methicillin-resistant , is problematic due to limited treatment options. Biofilm formation by complicates the treatment of methicillin-resistant infections. Therefore, elucidating the mechanisms of biofilm formation in this pathogen is important for the development of alternative therapeutic strategies. Various environmental and genetic factors contribute to biofilm formation. In this review, we address the environmental factors and discuss how they affect biofilm formation by .